Review on Fixed and Floating Offshore Structures. Part II: Sustainable Design Approaches and Project Management

Abstract

Offshore structures exist in a variety of forms, and they are used for a variety of functions in varied sea depths. These structures are tailored for certain environments and sea depths. Different actions for suitable equipment selection, platform type design, and drilling/production processes are required for the applications of these offshore structures, as given in Part I. This paper is the second part, which outlines various processes, loads, design approaches and project management of offshore platforms. To achieve these, proper planning must be conducted for lifting, transportation, installation, design, fabrication, and commissioning of these offshore platforms. Some historical developments of some offshore structures are presented, and some project planning routines are undertaken in this research. The ultimate goal is to provide a general overview of the many processes of offshore platform design, construction, loadout, transportation, and installation. Some discussions on the design parameters such as water depth and environmental conditions were presented. It also lists various software programs used in engineering designs. The review also includes information on cutting-edge offshore platforms and industry advancements. Ultimately, for long-term operations, various types of offshore platforms for specific seawater depths are available.

Research on periodic intelligent inspection and maintenance of offshore platform equipment

“…Through scientific maintenance measures, equipment wear can be minimized, enhancing equipment efficiency and economic benefits. In conclusion, regular intelligent inspection has a significant impact on the safety of marine platform equipment, enabling the timely detection of potential failure risks, improving equipment reliability and stability, extending equipment lifespan, and providing effective technical means for ensuring safe operation and improving production efficiency [4].…”

Exploring Autonomous and Remotely Operated Vehicles in Offshore Structure Inspections

“…In accordance with the literature, the authors of this paper suggest a division of offshore structures into the following zones [Z*] (see Figure 1): Z1 Superstructure (from the lower deck to the upper mast): This refers to the upper part of the offshore platform, including living quarters, helidecks, and process equipment (modules). Inspections in this zone are crucial to ensure the safety and functionality of the equipment and structures located on the topside [38]. The accessibility of this zone is relatively easier compared to other areas, as it can be reached by personnel and equipment through stairs or elevators, except for some specific structures, such as flares and towers.…”

Guidelines on Asset Management of Offshore Facilities for Monitoring, Sustainable Maintenance, and Safety Practices

“…The potential places where it is safe to erect such a platform structure are largely limited by these forces [ 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 ]. Designing the platform system for unshielded offshore areas is important to maintain a large number of potential locations [ 169 , 170 , 171 ]. This calls for extremely high force resistance in the connection elements as well as consideration of the motion hydrodynamics [ 157 , 350 ].…”

“…These offshore structures and their component attachments can be made from different construction materials, ranging from steel, composites, concrete, titanium alloys, and aluminium, to additive manufactured components [ 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 ]. Steel grades are used to construct most oil and gas platforms, hence the need for robust designs [ 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 ], skilled personnel for drilling/production activities [ 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 ], reliability analysis [ 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 ], and adequate corrosion control measures [ 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 ]. Offshore operations are conducted using industry standards like ISO, BS, NIS, API, ASTM, NORSOK, etc.…”