Review on Healthcare Biosensing Nanomaterials

Abstract

Fast technological progress has sped up the growth of telemedicine, mobile e-health services, and healthcare monitoring, which, nowadays, are technologies in high demand in the medical field and analytical sensing. Biosensing device design has promoted forefront research topics wherein new sensing technologies have been developed. In this regard, nanomaterials have had a crucial role wherein novel biosensors based on nanomaterials have emerged as detective tools for several biomolecules. Most biosensors are remarkably sensitive and selective to detect cancer biomarkers, toxins in foods, drugs, pathogenic microorganisms, cholesterol, pesticides, nucleic acids, glucose, heavy-metal contaminations, and other bioanalytes under different platforms at extraordinarily low concentrations (nanomolar, picomolar, or femtomolar). A comprehensive review of nanomaterials used for healthcare biosensing is offered herein. Specifically, this review offers a new point of view, highlighting and covering exhaustively several kinds of nanomaterials (<500 nm) to detect human diseases through biosensing. In this sense, we organize them into organic, inorganic, and carbon-based, thus offering a guide to selecting the best nanomaterial for specific detection. Further, it provides a roadmap to the real-time utilization of nanomaterials at a commercial scale. Also, this review addresses some crucial aspects of nanomaterials use and applications for healthcare biosensing. The progress discussed in this paper highlights the immense potential to implement the use of nanomaterials and nanocomposites in the initial examination of diseases and point-of-care testing.

Triangular Silver Nanoplates/Graphene Oxide Nanohybrids on Flexible Substrates for Detection of Bacteria via Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

“…Raman spectroscopy is not limited to low concentrations and low sensitivity when using SERS. It has a wider range of practical application and has been gradually applied to environmental detection, , food safety analysis, , national security monitoring, and biomedical fields. − Recently, many precious metals (such as Ag, Au, Cu, Pt, and Pd) have been used to prepare SERS substrates, especially silver nanoparticles, following the advances reported in nanotechnology. , This is due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) excited on the surface of the metal nanoparticles, strongly enhancing the electric field around these nanoparticles. Consequently, these metal nanoparticles have been widely used to enhance SERS signals.…”

“…Raman spectroscopy is not limited to low concentrations and low sensitivity when using SERS. It has a wider range of practical application and has been gradually applied to environmental detection, 5,6 food safety analysis, 7,8 national security monitoring, 9 and biomedical fields. 10−13 Recently, many precious metals (such as Ag, Au, Cu, Pt, and Pd) have been used to prepare SERS substrates, especially silver nanoparticles, following the advances reported in nanotechnology.…”

Bipolar Photoresponse of a Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Induced by Photochemical Reactions

“…The interactions between molecules and atoms in two-dimensional (2D) materials strongly influence their physical characteristics to control photoluminescent and absorption. − Graphene, comprising a honeycomb structure composed of a thick layer of sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms, is an actively explored 2D material. − It is realized by the highest theoretical carrier mobility (200,000 cm 2 V –1 s –1 ) , among the 2D materials as well as a unique combination of a high tensile strength of 100 GPa and modulus of 100 GPa . For these reasons, graphene has been widely applied in photodetectors, solar cells, healthcare biosensors, chemical sensors, and flexible electronics . Recently, graphene and its derivatives have been vigorously attracted as electrode materials for energy storage devices. − The graphene, however, manipulating graphene characteristics requires the use of advanced techniques, thereby, graphene doping is a widely used method for fine-tuning of graphene work function and enhancing its electronic and hot electron photoelectric properties. − The tuning of the Fermi level of graphene through electrostatic doping, metallic nanoparticles decoration, and electrochemical doping is a widely used approach to control its structural, optical, pattern recognition, and electrical transport properties. − Moreover, chemical doping is considered the simplest and effective method for enhancing the electronic characteristics of 2D materials. − Although pure graphene exhibits an ambipolar field effect, it is not air-stable and is susceptible to unintended doping by compounds absorbed from the environment or residual compounds employed during device fabrication .…”

Nanofibers with an Adjustable Core-Sheath Structure Constructed from Hyperbranched Polyester for Efficient Loading of ZnO Nanoparticles

“…Hyper-branched polyester (HBPE) has received considerable attention in biomedical applications due to its low-cost processing and unique properties, such as excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, excellent rheological abilities, and abundant alterable functional groups . It is worth mentioning that the branched void structure enables it as the promising delivery vehicle for the exterior components, such as metal nanoparticles, nanocrystals, genes, and drugs, , which can be bound with HBPE through simple interactions . Besides, the encapsulation of nanoparticles inside the porous three-dimensional structure also assists in preventing aggregation .…”