Review on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: An Emerging Multidrug- resistant Opportunistic Pathogen

Abstract

: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen that results in nosocomial infections in immunocompromised individuals. These bacteria colonize on the surface of medical devices and therapeutic equipment like urinary catheters, endoscopes, and ventilators, causing respiratory and urinary tract infections. The low outer membrane permeability of multidrug-resistance efflux systems and the two chromosomally encoded β-lactamases present in S.maltophilia are challenging for arsenal control. The cell-associated and extracellular virulence factors in S.maltophilia are involved in colonization and biofilm formation on the host surfaces. The spread of antibiotic-resistant genes in the pathogenic S.maltophilia attributes to bacterial resistance against a wide range of antibiotics, including penicillin, quinolones, and carbapenems. So far, tetracycline derivatives, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) are considered promising antibiotics against S.maltophilia. Due to the adaptive nature of the intrinsically resistant mechanism towards the number of antibiotics and its ability to acquire new resistance via mutation and horizontal gene transfer, it is quite tricky for medicinal contribution against S.maltophilia. The current review summarizes the literary data of pathogenicity, quorum sensing, biofilm formation, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance of S.maltophilia.

<i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i> Infection in Trauma and Orthopedic Patients: Clinical Experience and Review

“…В 3 случаях из 8 в раннем послеоперационном периоде были диагностированы рецидивы инфекции, что потребовало повторных вмешательств при сохранении ко-тримоксазола как единственного этиотропного антибиотика. обсуждение S. maltophilia способны колонизировать поверхность медицинских устройств и терапевтического оборудования, вызывая инфекции различных локализаций [9]. Бактерии данного вида обладают различными факторами вирулентности и персистенции, включая эластазу, гиалуронидазу, протеазу, липазу, ДНКазу, РНКазу и муциназу, обеспечивающих инвазию в ткани макроорганизма и защиту от иммунной системы хозяина [10].…”

“…Резистентность к большинству бета-лактамов реализуется через два продуцируемых фермента: L1 -цинк-зависимая пенициллиназа класса B и L2 -серин-цефалоспориназа класса A, что делает S. maltophilia устойчивой к цефтриаксону, пиперациллин-тазобактаму и карбапенемам [8]. Клавулановая кислота показала активность только в отношении бета-лактамазы L2 [9]. Кроме того, синтез ацетилтрансферазы обеспечивает устойчивость к аминогликозидам.…”

Global mapping of antibiotic resistance rates among clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…While S. maltophilia is infrequently detected within the oropharyngeal microbiota of healthy individuals, it is often found in the oropharynx of hospitalized individuals and those with cystic fibrosis [ 1 ]. In these two particular groups, it may cause persistent respiratory tract infection that may lead to inflammation, lung impairment, and sometimes even early death [ 2 ]. Stenotrophomonas spp.…”

The Mla system and its role in maintaining outer membrane barrier function in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

“…They are in general recognized as opportunistic human pathogens causing a wide range of infections ( Brooke, 2021 ). In the clinical environment, these bacteria are often found colonizing the surface of medical devices, causing respiratory and urinary tract infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals or long-term hospital patients ( Majumdar et al., 2022 ). Their virulence factors include extracellular enzymes, outer membrane (OM) proteins, outer membrane vesicles (OMV), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), fimbriae, flagella, adhesins, iron acquisition mechanisms, and the capacity to form biofilms ( Trifonova and Strateva, 2019 ; Brooke, 2021 ).…”