Review on Machine Designs of Material Extrusion based Additive Manufacturing (AM) Systems - Status-Quo and Potential Analysis for Future AM Systems

Kampker, Achim; Triebs, Johannes; Kawollek, Sebastian; Ayvaz, Peter; Hohenstein, Steffen

doi:10.1016/j.procir.2019.03.205

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The most common design in FDM 3d printing is the Cartesian printer, but other forms like the delta printer and the polar printer exist [ 77 ]. Cartesian printers operate by linear movement of the printhead in x-, y-, and z-direction respective to the print bed.…”

Section: Fdm Printing At Site Of Care—stricter Requirements For Dosin...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality of FDM 3D Printed Medicines for Pediatrics: Considerations for Formulation Development, Filament Extrusion, Printing Process and Printer Design

Quodbach

Bogdahn

Breitkreutz

et al. 2021

Ther Innov Regul Sci

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Abstract3d printing is capable of providing dose individualization for pediatric medicines and translating the precision medicine approach into practical application. In pediatrics, dose individualization and preparation of small dosage forms is a requirement for successful therapy, which is frequently not possible due to the lack of suitable dosage forms. For precision medicine, individual characteristics of patients are considered for the selection of the best possible API in the most suitable dose with the most effective release profile to improve therapeutic outcome. 3d printing is inherently suitable for manufacturing of individualized medicines with varying dosages, sizes, release profiles and drug combinations in small batch sizes, which cannot be manufactured with traditional technologies. However, understanding of critical quality attributes and process parameters still needs to be significantly improved for this new technology. To ensure health and safety of patients, cleaning and process validation needs to be established. Additionally, adequate analytical methods for the in-process control of intermediates, regarding their printability as well as control of the final 3d printed tablets considering any risk of this new technology will be required. The PolyPrint consortium is actively working on developing novel polymers for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3d printing, filament formulation and manufacturing development as well as optimization of the printing process, and the design of a GMP-capable FDM 3d printer. In this manuscript, the consortium shares its views on quality aspects and measures for 3d printing from drug-loaded filaments, including formulation development, the printing process, and the printed dosage forms. Additionally, engineering approaches for quality assurance during the printing process and for the final dosage form will be presented together with considerations for a GMP-capable printer design.

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Section: Fdm Printing At Site Of Care—stricter Requirements For Dosin...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality of FDM 3D Printed Medicines for Pediatrics: Considerations for Formulation Development, Filament Extrusion, Printing Process and Printer Design

Quodbach

Bogdahn

Breitkreutz

et al. 2021

Ther Innov Regul Sci

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“…Various sub-categories are grouped under the MEX process category. They differ in the type of extruder (plunger, gear, or screw), form of feedstock (filaments, rods, or pellets) [36], and kinematic design (Cartesian, polar, delta, or robot arm) [37].…”

Section: Materials Extrusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process monitoring for material extrusion additive manufacturing: a state-of-the-art review

et al. 2021

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Qualitative uncertainties are a key challenge for the further industrialization of additive manufacturing. To solve this challenge, methods for measuring the process states and properties of parts during additive manufacturing are essential. The subject of this review is in-situ process monitoring for material extrusion additive manufacturing. The objectives are, first, to quantify the research activity on this topic, second, to analyze the utilized technologies, and finally, to identify research gaps. Various databases were systematically searched for relevant publications and a total of 221 publications were analyzed in detail. The study demonstrated that the research activity in this field has been gaining importance. Numerous sensor technologies and analysis algorithms have been identified. Nonetheless, research gaps exist in topics such as optimized monitoring systems for industrial material extrusion facilities, inspection capabilities for additional quality characteristics, and standardization aspects. This literature review is the first to address process monitoring for material extrusion using a systematic and comprehensive approach.

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“…Additive Manufacturing (AM) is widely used for the fabrication of polymer components ranging from prototypes to end-use parts [13]. A wide range of AM technologies have been developed including Vat Polymerisation [14], Binder Jetting [15], Material Jetting [16] and Material Extrusion [17]. The latter is widely used due to its ease of use, low cost and ubiquity within the market-place [18].…”

Section: Additive Manufacture Of Thermoplastic Composite Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Performance of Long-fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites by 3D Printing

Dantas

Gibbons²

2020

Preprint

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Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D Printing, has been around for more than 2 decades and has recently gained importance for use in direct manufacturing. The quantified physical properties of materials are required by design engineers to inform and validate their designs, and this is no less true for AM that it is for traditional manufacturing methods. Recent innovation in AM has seen the emergence of long-fibre composite AM technologies, such as the Mark Two (Markforged Inc, USA) system, enabling the manufacture of thermoplastic polymer composites with long-fibre reinforcement. To date though, the mechanical response of the materials with respect to build parameter variation is little understood. In this project, selected mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength – UTS and flexural modulus) of samples processed using the Mark Two printer were studied. The effect of the reinforcement type (Carbon, Kevlar®, and HSHT glass), amount of reinforcement, reinforcement lay-up orientation, and the base matrix material (Onyx and polyamide) on these properties were assessed using accepted standard test methods. For Onyx, the UTS and Flexural Modulus was improved by a maximum of 244 ± 10 MPa (1228 ± 19%) and 14.2 ± 0.3 GPa (1114 ± 6%) (Carbon), by 143 ± 1 MPa (721 ± 18%) and 7.1 ± 0.3 GPa (560 ± 6%) (Kevlar®) and 209 ± 4 MPa (1049 ± 19%) and 6.0 ± 0.1 GPa (469 ± 6%) (HSHT glass). For Nylon the UTS and Flexural Modulus was improved by 235 ± 4 MPa (1431 ± 56%) and 14.1 ± 0.2 GPa (1924 ± 5%) (Carbon), 143 ± 3 MPa (867 ± 56%) and 6.79 ± 0.08 GPa (927 ± 5%) (Kevlar®) and 204 ± 2 MPa (1250 ± 55%) and 5.73 ± 0.09 GPa (782 ± 5%) (HSHT glass). A regression and ANOVA analysis for UTS indicated that the number of layers of reinforcement had the largest impact on UTS (F = 11,483 P < 0.005), with the second most important parameter being the type of reinforcement (F = 855 P < 0.005). The parameter effects for all four parameters were significant (P ≤ 0.05). For the Flexural Modulus, the number of layers of reinforcement was again the most significant parameter (F = 2733 P < 0.005), with the second most important parameter again being the type of reinforcement (F = 1339 P < 0.005). Again, the parameter effects for all four parameters were significant (P ≤ 0.05), although the influence of base material had much less significant effect on determining the Flexural Modulus than it did in controlling UTS.

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Review on Machine Designs of Material Extrusion based Additive Manufacturing (AM) Systems - Status-Quo and Potential Analysis for Future AM Systems

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

Quality of FDM 3D Printed Medicines for Pediatrics: Considerations for Formulation Development, Filament Extrusion, Printing Process and Printer Design

Quality of FDM 3D Printed Medicines for Pediatrics: Considerations for Formulation Development, Filament Extrusion, Printing Process and Printer Design

Process monitoring for material extrusion additive manufacturing: a state-of-the-art review

Mechanical Performance of Long-fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites by 3D Printing

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