“…In order to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions during taxiing on the airport surface, push-back control strategy [11,12], taxiing trajectory and speed profile optimizations [13,14], and improvement of taxiing mode (e.g., single-engine taxiing, operational tow-outs, and electric taxiing) [15,16] have been comprehensively investigated. During climb and descent, especially in high-density terminal airspace, prior research has focused more on how to make full use of runway capacity, while minimizing noise, total fuel consumption, emissions, and delays [17][18][19], and put forward operating concepts and operating procedures such as Continuous Climbing Operation (CCO) [20], Continuous Descending Operation (CDO) [21], Point Merge (PM) [22], etc.…”