Review on recent developments on pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment

Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation: A Review of Pulp and Paper Industry Practices and Opportunities

“…The consortia of bacteria present in a properly operating wastewater treatment plant may be accompanied by protozoa, fungi, and rotifers (Chakrabarti et al 2008). Such a combination can be expected to allow the system to deal effectively with a wide variety of pollutants, which are likely to shift from hour to hour.Various authors have found favorable effects when using white-rot fungal species to treat pulp mill wastewater and bleach plant effluents (Eriksson and Kolar 1985;Pellinen and Joyce 1990; Duran et al 1994;Gökçay and Dilek 1994;Wolfaardt 1994;Marwaha et al 1998;Saxena and Gupta 1998;Taseli and Gökçay 1999;Sakurai et al 2001;Pokhrel and Viraraghavan 2004;Thakur 2004;Wu et al 2005;Malaviya and Rathore 2007;Freitas et al 2009;Singhal and Thakur 2009;Garg and Tripathi 2011;Kakahi et al 2011;Liu et al 2011;Souza et al 2014;Hossain and Ismail 2015;Kamali and Khodaparast 2015). Eriksson and Kolar (1985) observed much more favorable effects from the addition of a white-rot fungal strain, in comparison to two bacterial mixtures; the fungus promoted more rapid degradation of chlorolignins.…”

“…"Pulp & paper effluent," BioResources 11(3), 7953-8091. 7962other publications (Gehm 1973;Costa et al 1979; Ashafi et al 2015;Kamali and Khodaparast 2015;Blanco et al 2016), such subjects will be treated only briefly here. …”

“…7958 operations sometimes may require more electrical energy in comparison to conventional treatment systems (Castillo and Vivas 1996;Buzzini and Pires 2002;El-Ashtoukhy et al 2009). According to Kamali and Khodaparast (2015), a goal of saving electrical energy costs may be responsible for a more widespread use of mesophilic (medium temperature) rather than thermophilic (higher temperature) conditions in biological treatment plants, even though the latter have been reported to achieve higher performance in many cases. In fact, some of the generated effluents already have a relatively high temperature, so they can already be handled in the thermophilic range without further chilling the effluent.…”

“…Biofilms anchored to suitable support surfaces or activated sludge within biological treatment systems allow the microorganisms to become acclimated to the wastewater and to diversify their populations in such a way as to be more capable of degrading the diverse organic compounds present in that source of wastewater. According to Kamali and Khodaparast (2015), the biofilm surfaces provide a combination of adsorption and biodegradation; thus, hard-to-degrade compounds can be removed from the water phase, and the enzymatic breakdown may take place at least partly within the immobilized biofilm. There are a number of such processes currently in operation at P&P mills (Malmqvist et al 2004;Rankin et al 2007).…”

“…"secondary treatment". The general principles and operations of conventional and state of the art wastewater treatment technologies, with emphasis on P&P mill applications, have been reviewed (Gehm 1973;Scott and Ollis 1995;Kamali and Khodaparast 2015). …”