Review on the biotechnological and nanotechnological potential of the streptophyte genusKlebsormidiumwith pilot data on its phycoprospecting and polyphasic identification in Bulgaria

Abstract

This review provides data on the possibilities for commercial use of algae of the green streptophyte genus Klebsormidium. It is one of the basal algal progenitors of land plants and shows many mechanisms and features which allow its adaptation to different environmental stresses associated with land colonization. This has led to formation of structures and compounds with countless possible applications in biotechnology and nanotechnology, starting from food to pharmaceuticals and biofuels. Therefore, the present work aims to provide: (1) a review on this yet neglected topic for the first time; (2) reliable identification using the polyphasic taxonomic approach of three local Klebsormidium strains isolated from soils of two protected areas in Bulgaria (Kresnendko Defile and National park Rila). It also outlines the cultivation advantages of Klebsormidium broad tolerance to harsh conditions and its reproductive features (easy disintegration and possibility to produce resting stages). The possibility to use inoculum of akinetes in soil algalization as biofertilizers is proposed. The results from standard microscopical identification and molecular data (ITS and rbcL, used separately and in combination), combined in the applied polyphasic approach led to distinguishing between geographically distinct strains collected at different altitudes. After identification of two strains (ACUS 00001 and ACUS 00014) as belonging to Klebsormidium dissectum and of ACUS 00207 as belonging to Klebsormidium klebsii, the similarity of the latter taxon with K. nitens is discussed. ARTICLE HISTORY

Ecophysiological changes and spore formation: two strategies in response to low‐temperature and high‐light stress in Klebsormidium cf. flaccidum (Klebsormidiophyceae, Streptophyta)1

“…, Stoyneva‐Gärtner et al. ). We decided to use the more neutral term “spore” for this resting stage, as we could not observe any inclusion of the “old” in the “new” spore wall.…”

Enigmatic Microalgae from Aeroterrestrial and Extreme Habitats in Cosmetics: The Potential of the Untapped Natural Sources

“…MAAs were also found in 13 genera of green aeroterrestrial algae from the class Trebouxiophyceae (phylum Chlorophyta): Apatococcus, Bracteacoccus, Chlorella, Coccomyxa, Elliptochloris, Myrmecia, Pabia, Prasiola, Prasiolopsis, Pseudochlorella, Pseudococcomyxa, Stichococcus and Trichophyllus and in three aeroterrestrial genera from the green class Klebsormidiophyceae (phylum Streptophyta): Klebsormidium, Hormidiella and Interfilum [14,61,[122][123][124][125][126][127][128]. However, the MAAs in Klebsormidiophyceae were not the same as other known MAAs like palythine, asterina-330, mycosporine-glycine, shinorin and porphyra-334 [14,128]. More recently, a novel MAA, N-(5,6 hydroxy-5(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-3-oxo-1-cycohexen-1-yl) glutamic acid, named prasiolin, was isolated from another trebouxiophycean aeroterrestrial species-Prasiola calophylla [129].…”

“…Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), the strongest natural paramount molecules in sun protection due to their function as a primary sunscreen to reduce short-wavelength light, were considered to be novel antioxidants scavenging toxic oxygen radicals [98][99][100][101]. Therefore, currently all members of the MAAs family are recognized as potential fully safe and highly efficient health and beauty ingredients in sun care products as a promising alternative to the commercially available filters for skin protection from UVR [14,[102][103][104]. Moreover, MAAs represent an important intracellular nitrogen reservoir [14,98], which have shown strong abilities in wound healing [14,104], and specifically, mycosporine-glycine has great antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging activities, which makes it an important candidate for use in cosmeceutical fields [25,105].…”

“…Specific MAAS were found in cyanoprokaryotes from desert soil crusts [10,119], and the presence of MAAs was determined in Arctic and Antarctic cyanoprokaryotic mats [120,121]. MAAs were also found in 13 genera of green aeroterrestrial algae from the class Trebouxiophyceae (phylum Chlorophyta): Apatococcus, Bracteacoccus, Chlorella, Coccomyxa, Elliptochloris, Myrmecia, Pabia, Prasiola, Prasiolopsis, Pseudochlorella, Pseudococcomyxa, Stichococcus and Trichophyllus and in three aeroterrestrial genera from the green class Klebsormidiophyceae (phylum Streptophyta): Klebsormidium, Hormidiella and Interfilum [14,61,[122][123][124][125][126][127][128]. However, the MAAs in Klebsormidiophyceae were not the same as other known MAAs like palythine, asterina-330, mycosporine-glycine, shinorin and porphyra-334 [14,128].…”

Phycoremediation of tertiary municipal wastewater: a new insight of filamentous algae coculture in Nordic country

“…However, this observation is contradictive to a previous phycoremediation study on Klebsormidium sp. that the algae growth led to a quick reduction of pH from alkaline to neutral (Stoyneva-Gärtner et al 2019). Although it was lack of details to investigate this discrepancy, not many algae prefer growing in alkaline condition, including Klebsormidium sp.…”