Review on the Extraction Methods of Crude oil from all Generation Biofuels in last few Decades

Abstract

Abstract:The ever growing demand for the energy fuels, economy of oil, depletion of energy resources and environmental protection are the inevitable challenges required to be solved meticulously in future decades in order to sustain the life of humans and other creatures. Switching to alternate fuels that are renewable, biodegradable, economically and environmentally friendly can quench the minimum thirst of fuel demands, in addition to mitigation of climate changes. At this moment, production of biofuels has got prominence. The term biofuels broadly refer to the fuels derived from living matter either animals or plants. Among the competent biofuels, biodiesel is one of the promising alternates for diesel engines. Biodiesel is renewable, environmentally friendly, safe to use with wide applications and biodegradable. Due to which, it has become a major focus of intensive global research and development of alternate energy. The present review has been focused specifically on biodiesel. Concerning to the biodiesel production, the major steps includes lipid extraction followed by esterification/transesterification. For the extraction of lipids, several extraction techniques have been put forward irrespective of the generations and feed stocks used. This review provides theoretical background on the two major extraction methods, mechanical and chemical extraction methods. The practical issues of each extraction method such as efficiency of extraction, extraction time, oil sources and its pros and cons are discussed. It is conceived that congregating information on oil extraction methods may helpful in further research advancements to ease biofuel production.

Analysis of alkaloids (indole alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, tropane alkaloids)

“…For instance, lignified plant material was frozen and pulverized with liquid nitrogen in a mortar and pestle (Kirakosyan et al, 2016). Sonicator was also used for extraction of plant products grown by cell suspension culture methods (Bhargavi et al, 2018).…”

“…For example, Triton X-100, octyl glycoside, and Tween-20 are some of the nonionic detergents. Ionic detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) are used for the aforementioned purposes (Bhargavi et al, 2018;Fabricant and Farnsworth, 2001;Huie, 2002b).…”

“…A chelating agent such as EDTA may be added to eliminate divalent cations from the extracts. Foams are suppressed by using suitable antifoaming agents such as DC-544 (Dow Corning) or SAG-30 (Union Carbide) (Bhargavi et al, 2018;Fabricant and Farnsworth, 2001;Huie, 2002b).…”

“…The stability of the compound depends on light, heat, and solvent polarity. Extraction is a separation technique of the desired compound from a matrix as in the case of soxhlet extraction and countercurrent extraction (Bhargavi et al, 2018;Fabricant and Farnsworth, 2001;Huie, 2002b;Pandey and Tripathi, 2014). Fig.…”

Optimization Methods for the Extraction of Vegetable Oils: A Review

“…While many researchers have embraced the investigation of nonconventional oils obviously for the multipurpose uses of the oil, there has not been a corresponding effort in documenting published results on oilseeds in the form of reviews that could be available to stake holders for consultation at all times. The few reviews on this subject have lightly discussed the methods of extraction without laying emphasis on types of oilseeds, optimization methods of the extraction processes, modelling, as well as the influence of the extraction and optimization methods on the quality of the extracted oil [8][9][10]. Consequently, to the best of our knowledge, there is no comprehensive review on the various techniques used for optimizing oil extraction from plant material.…”