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Lithium‐ion batteries (LiBs) are the leading choice for powering electric vehicles due to their advantageous characteristics, including low self‐discharge rates and high energy and power density. However, the degradation in the performance and sustainability of lithium‐ion battery packs over the long term in electric vehicles is affected due to the elevated temperatures induced by charge and discharge cycles. Moreover, the thermal runaway (TR) issues due to the heat generated during the electrochemical reactions are the most significant safety concern for LiBs, as inadequate heat dissipation can be potentially hazardous, leading to explosions and fires. Considering the safety of EVs and for better performance, understanding the mechanism of TR is of paramount importance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the TR phenomenon and underlying electrochemical principles governing heat accumulation during charge and discharge cycles. Furthermore, the article explores the cell modeling and thermal management techniques intended for both individual lithium‐ion battery cells and larger battery packs, with a particular emphasis on enhancing fire prevention and safety measures. The main goal of this review paper is to offer new insights to the developing battery community, assisting in the development of efficient battery thermal management systems (BTMS) using enhanced cooling methodologies. This article could also support the advancement of next‐generation electric vehicle battery packs equipped with built‐in safety features to improve the cycle life of LiBs and prevent thermal runaway accidents.
Lithium‐ion batteries (LiBs) are the leading choice for powering electric vehicles due to their advantageous characteristics, including low self‐discharge rates and high energy and power density. However, the degradation in the performance and sustainability of lithium‐ion battery packs over the long term in electric vehicles is affected due to the elevated temperatures induced by charge and discharge cycles. Moreover, the thermal runaway (TR) issues due to the heat generated during the electrochemical reactions are the most significant safety concern for LiBs, as inadequate heat dissipation can be potentially hazardous, leading to explosions and fires. Considering the safety of EVs and for better performance, understanding the mechanism of TR is of paramount importance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the TR phenomenon and underlying electrochemical principles governing heat accumulation during charge and discharge cycles. Furthermore, the article explores the cell modeling and thermal management techniques intended for both individual lithium‐ion battery cells and larger battery packs, with a particular emphasis on enhancing fire prevention and safety measures. The main goal of this review paper is to offer new insights to the developing battery community, assisting in the development of efficient battery thermal management systems (BTMS) using enhanced cooling methodologies. This article could also support the advancement of next‐generation electric vehicle battery packs equipped with built‐in safety features to improve the cycle life of LiBs and prevent thermal runaway accidents.
As the cost of traction lithium batteries decreases, many rolling stock models are being created that use them to receive recovery energy, equalise the load on the energy source, and ensure autonomous operation. The objective of the work is to show the advantages of separate design and production of onboard traction storage devices and the rolling stock using them, which will require standardisation of energy storage devices, as well as to outline the range of requirements that will need to be set when developing a standard, and to illustrate proposals by identifying possible requirements for weight, size and energy characteristics of a unified energy storage device. For this purpose, a review of approaches to the use of energy storage devices and modern designs of rolling stock on which traction batteries are used is followed by main scenarios for the use there-of. Following identification of main processes of energy conversion by the traction drive of locomotives at various time intervals, the parameters of energy storage devices were assessed for a wide range of possible scenarios for their application using methods of traction theory. The results obtained allowed calculating main characteristics of unified energy storage modules. A specific analysis was carried out to identify the limitations that determine energy intensity and power, weight, dimensions and method of mounting of storage devices, their rated voltage. Requirements are formulated for design of a standard mechanical, electrical and information interface of the proposed modules.
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