Review on Various Types of Geopolymer Materials with the Environmental Impact Assessment

Zain, Hariz; Kamarudin, Hussin; Ariffin, Nurliyana; Bayuaji, Ridho

doi:10.1051/matecconf/20179701021

Cited by 50 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The latter is a mixture of sodium or potassium hydroxide (NaOH or KOH) aqueous solution, added with liquid sodium silicate. Therefore, the geopolymer development requires the consumption of natural resources (both clay and the raw materials necessary to produce the chemical activators) and their high-energy treatment, so this process is associated with great environmental impacts [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The keys to reducing the carbon footprint associated with this process rely on the search for alternative raw materials and on the reduction of the amount and concentration of the alkaline activator, or at least of one of its components [11]. The most investigated strategy implies the use of specific industrial waste as an alternative alumina-silicate source, such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and various types of slags [10,[12][13][14]. As a common feature, these industrial wastes are characterized not only by high silicate and aluminate contents, but also by their predominantly amorphous or poorly crystallized structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Natural Stone Wastes and Minerals in the Alkali Activation Process: A Review

et al. 2020

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This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment concerning alkali activation of natural stone wastes and minerals. In particular, the structure of the review is divided into two main sections in which the works dealing with alumino-silicate and carbonatic stones are discussed, respectively. Alumino-silicate stones are generally composed of quartz and feldspars, while carbonatic stones are mainly made of calcite and dolomite. The role of these minerals in the alkali activation process is discussed, attesting their influence in the development of the final product properties. In most of the works, authors use mineral additions only as fillers or aggregates and, in some cases, as a partial substitution of more traditional raw powders, such as metakaolin, fly ash, and granulated blast furnace slag. However, a few works in which alumino-silicate and carbonatic stone wastes are used as the main active components are discussed as well. Not only the raw materials, but also the entire alkali activation process and the curing conditions adopted in the literature studies here reviewed are systematically analyzed to improve the understanding of their effect on the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of the final products and to eventually foster the reuse of natural stone wastes for the purposes of sustainability in different applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Natural Stone Wastes and Minerals in the Alkali Activation Process: A Review

et al. 2020

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“…Geopolymer is the mixture of aluminosilicate precursor material such as fly ash, alkaline reagent like sodium or potassium soluble silicates with a molar ratio MR SiO2:M2O ≥ 1.65, M being Na or K. Geopolymer is hardening in room temperature (Al-Bakri Abdullah et al, 2012). Several alternative geopolymer materials were invented in Malaysia such as fly ash, POFA, kaolin, metakaolin, and dolomite based geopolymer materials to achieve sustainable development especially in the building and construction sector (Zain, Abdullah, Hussin, Ariffin, & Bayuaji, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…fly ash, slag and mud potentially contributes to a maximum reduction of 80% carbon dioxide emission in construction projects compared with OPC based on heat balance comparison study (Arnaud, 2014). However, when compared fly ash geopolymer with the OPC life cycle, fly ash geopolymer concrete was still able to reduce the effects of global warming potentials, but it is rather gave a negative impact on some aspects of the environment such as abiotic depletions, human toxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity and acidification (Zain et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the application of geopolymer materials as construction materials in aquatic and freshwater environment should be reconsidered. Zain et al (2017) reported that even though fly ash concrete based still shows positive results to the environment because it produced almost half CO2 emission lower than OPC concrete during its production but fly ash geopolymer concrete based gave some low negative impacts to the environment especially towards abiotic depletions, human toxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity and acidification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Fly Ash Geopolymer Leachate Alkalinity on Lethality of Freshwater Climbing Perch, Anabas testudineus

Zain

Shuaib

Abdullah

et al. 2019

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The application of geopolymer materials from industrial waste as binder to cast concrete contributes to a reduction of CO2 than OPC but still contribute to other environmental adverse effect such as freshwater toxicity. The leaching of alkali from geopolymer building materials increases the alkalinity or pH values of affected water body and can cause damage the biotic ecosystem and aquatic organisms. Therefore, the increasing level of alkalinity which is pH values from the leaching of geopolymer materials and OPC caused the lethality of Anabas testudineus (climbing perch) were determined. A 50mm x 50mm x 50mm dimensional fly ash geopolymer paste with 12M NaOH solution (Na2SiO3 : NaOH = 2.5:1) and a 50mm x 50mm x 50mm dimensional OPC with the ratio of (Solid : Liquid = 3 : 1) were immersed accordingly into each cylindrical containers that contained an Anabas testudineus (climbing perch) in 500ml paddy swamp water. The fishes were observed and the pH readings were calculated. The test was ended until the fish dead. Finally, the mortality limit pH value of Anabas testudineus for fly ash geopolymer paste is at pH 11.0, while OPC is at pH 11.5. The peak of alkali leaching of fly ash geoplymer paste is between 0.5 – 1.0 hours while for OPC is between 0.25 – 0.5 hours. As the conclusion, OPC gives severe adverse effects to the mortality of Anabas testudineus than fly ash geopolymer paste due to the leaching of OH- and other alkali anions. Anabas testudineus can live 10 hours in fly ash leaching media but only can live 1 hour in OPC leaching media.

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Compressive stress–strain model for the estimation of the flexural capacity of reinforced geopolymer concrete members

Kocaer

Aldemir

2022

Structural Concrete

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Global warming triggered efforts on sustainable materials in any area of production. Thus, the construction materials were also at the edge of a sharp change to achieve less harm to the environment by reducing the carbon print. Consequently, researchers have been trying to replace the cement from the mixtures of reinforced concrete as cement production causes large amounts of carbon dioxide emissions. Alkali‐activated binders are proved to be versatile alternatives to cementitious binders; however, accurate mathematical models to predict the capacities of these structural elements are limited in number. Therefore, in this study, a new stress–strain model has been developed to estimate the flexural capacity of geopolymer structural elements originated from construction and demolition waste. The study was initiated by formulating a novel stress–strain model applicable for defining the compressive behavior of geopolymer concrete. The formulation was based on recent experimental findings on flexural behavior of geopolymer beam specimens. Then, the performance of the proposed stress–strain model in estimating the ultimate moment capacities was investigated by using 36 bending tests from the literature. The results showed that the proposed model had very little deviations and enhanced accuracy compared with the literature available estimation method recommended by the ACI318. In addition, a soft database composed of 50 different beam specimens with varying mechanical properties and reinforcement patterns was formed. Numerical models corresponding to all possible combinations of each parameter were generated, and their load capacities were determined. After that, the estimation performances of the proposed method and the stress–strain models from the literature, and also the ACI318 procedure were examined. The conclusion of this check also yielded promising results with an absolute mean percentage error of 5.13% regardless of the mode of failures.

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Review on Various Types of Geopolymer Materials with the Environmental Impact Assessment

Cited by 50 publications

References 28 publications

Role of Natural Stone Wastes and Minerals in the Alkali Activation Process: A Review

Role of Natural Stone Wastes and Minerals in the Alkali Activation Process: A Review

Effects of Fly Ash Geopolymer Leachate Alkalinity on Lethality of Freshwater Climbing Perch, Anabas testudineus

Compressive stress–strain model for the estimation of the flexural capacity of reinforced geopolymer concrete members

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