Review—Perspectives on the Roles of Real time Nitrogen Sensing and IoT Integration in Smart Agriculture

Abstract

Smart agriculture (SA) based on the framework of precision agriculture (PA) is a vital component of sustainable and efficient food production, with nitrogen (N) management playing a pivotal role. However, existing agricultural practices often suffer from low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), posing a challenge to SA. To tackle this issue, real-time N sensing technologies offer farmers precise and timely information about soil N levels, enabling precise N fertilizer application. Integrating these technologies with the Internet of Things (IoT) can further augment their capabilities, creating a seamless platform for data collection, analysis, and decision-making for great opportunities to improve NUE. Nevertheless, the adoption of real-time N sensing and IoT integration also presents several challenges, including selecting appropriate sensing technologies, effective data mining and management, and acquiring specialized knowledge and training. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the opportunities and challenges associated with real-time N sensing technologies and IoT integration in smart farming. By showcasing best practices and innovative solutions, the paper aims to foster widespread adoption of SA practices, ultimately elevating the sustainability and productivity of agricultural systems.

IoT Solutions with Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Precision Agriculture: Definitions, Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities

“…Gonzalez et al [22] investigate the behavior of LoRa systems in a Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) in a tropical farming environment, evaluating LoRa performance with the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), the Received Packet Ratio (RPR), and Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI). Shrestha et al [29] explore the potential of real-time nitrogen sensing and IoT integration in smart agriculture to enhance nitrogen use efficiency. Furthermore, Widianto et al [30] and Ganapathi et al [6] delve into the potential of IoT applications in smart agriculture, emphasizing precision farming and crop monitoring.…”

“…Finally, Section 6 presents the conclusions drawn from this study. Through this structured approach, the study aims to contribute valuable insights to the burgeoning field of PA. [24], Ganapathi et al (2023) [6], Abu et al (2022) [25], Shi et al (2019) [26], Kumar et al (2024) [27], Polymeni et al (2023) [28], Shrestha et al (2024) [29], Widianto et al (2023) [30], Fondaj et al (2023) [31], Dewari et al (2023) [32], Zamir et al (2023) [33], Rathi et al (2023) [34], [35], Chataut et al (2023) [36], and Bulut et al (2023) [37]. Cited studies for AI only: Singh et al (2022) [38], Sharma et al (2020) [39], Cravero et [64], Gupta et al (2022) [65], and Baghel et al (2022) [66].…”

A novel portable microchip electrophoresis system for rapid on-site detection of soil nutrient ions

“…There are several main methods for on-site testing of soil nutrient ions. Standard methods for the field detection of nutrient ions mainly include Visible-Near Infrared Spectroscopy (VIS/NIRS, 380-2500 nm) [15][16][17][18], Ion selective electrode (ISE) [19][20][21], and Electrophoretic Analysis. VIS/NIRS is a non-destructive physical detection method.…”