Review: Sport Performance and the Two-visual-system Hypothesis of Vision: Two Pathways but Still Many Questions

Abstract

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Optimal integration of kinematic and ball-flight information when perceiving the speed of a moving ball

“…Accordingly, even stronger effects might be expected if the study were to be replicated by testing a movement rather than verbal response. It seems necessary, however, to study not only perceptual responses but also motor responses, since some salient features that can be observed in motor responses may not appear in perceptual responses, as exemplified by research built on the two visual stream hypothesis and/or on representative design [see ( 55 ) for a recent discussion in sport].…”

Adaptations in Visual Search Behaviour as a Function of Expertise in Rugby Union Players Completing Attacking Scenarios

“…This allowed for the examination of expertise differences in visual search behaviour in both the planning and execution of the motor action. Previous studies ( van der Kamp et al, 2008 ; Dicks et al, 2010 ; Mann et al, 2021 ) highlighted that the inclusion of the motor action influences the balance in deriving information from the dorsal and ventral visual system and therefore adopted visual search behaviour. As expertise differences reflect superior motor performance it is expected that the adopted visual search behaviour is also different.…”

“…In contrast, the dorsal stream provides an egocentric perspective mainly associated with identifying contrast and movement related to the execution of the motor action. The separation of these pathways is debated (see Mann et al, 2021 ) but instigated the use of more representative experimental designs. When investigating visual search behaviour in sport, and to avoid decoupling of perception of information from the motor action (c.f.…”

“…Expertise differences are evident in superior motor actions suggesting an enhanced ability to rely on information from the dorsal stream. This is reflected in findings that differences in performance and visual search behaviour between experts and novices disappear when simulated or uncoupled actions are used in comparison to in-situ tests ( van der Kamp et al, 2008 ; Mann et al, 2021 ). In other words, expertise differences might be less apparent when ventral stream information is derived then dorsal stream information.…”

“…Based on emerging evidence that the relationship between expertise and visual search behaviour in-situ is different from simulated environments ( Mann et al, 2021 ) we hypothesised that experienced rugby players would (1) demonstrate superior performance compared to NP (2) direct visual search behaviour for more time, and more often, toward areas related to the successful executing of the action (i.e., throwing a pass) compared to NP.…”