Review: Targeting trachoma: Strategies to reduce the leading infectious cause of blindness

Baneke, Alex

doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2012.01.005

Cited by 28 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The ocular strains of trachoma biovar (consisting of serovars A to C) infect mainly ocular epithelial cells, which may lead to blindness (1). The genital strains of trachoma biovar (serovars D to K) cause sexually transmitted infections, which can result in complications such as ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis Plasmid-Encoded Open Reading Frames

Gong

Yang

Lei

et al. 2013

Journal of Bacteriology

129

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The recent success in transformation of Chlamydia trachomatis represents a major advancement in Chlamydia research. Plasmid-free C. trachomatis serovar L2 organisms can be transformed with chlamydial plasmid-based shuttle vectors pGFP::SW2 and pBRCT. Deletion of plasmid genes coding for Pgp1 to Pgp8 in pBRCT led to the identification of Pgp1, -2, -6, and -8 as plasmid maintenance factors; Pgp4 as a transcriptional regulator of chlamydial virulence-associated gene expression; and Pgp3, -5, and -7 as being dispensable for chlamydial growth in vitro. Using the pGFP::SW2 vector system, we confirmed these findings in the current report. To further dissect the roles of pgp coding sequences and Pgp proteins in plasmid maintenance, we introduced premature stop codons into the pgp genes. Stable transformants were obtained with pGFP::SW2 derivatives carrying premature stop codons in pgp8 but not in pgp1, pgp2, and pgp6, suggesting that the pgp8 coding sequence but not the Pgp8 protein is required for maintaining the plasmid, while Pgp1, -2, and -6 proteins are necessary for plasmid maintenance. We also found that a minimum of 30 nucleotides in the pgp3 coding region was required for pgp4 expression. Finally, mCherry red fluorescent protein was successfully expressed when the mCherry gene was used to replace the pgp3, pgp4, or pgp5 coding region, indicating that these regions can be used to express nonchlamydial genes in chlamydial organisms. These novel observations have provided information for further use of chlamydial plasmid shuttle vectors as genetic tools to understand chlamydial biology and pathogenicity as well as to develop attenuated chlamydial vaccines.

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis Plasmid-Encoded Open Reading Frames

Gong

Yang

Lei

et al. 2013

Journal of Bacteriology

129

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“…El género cuenta con tres especies causantes de enfermedad humana: C. psittaci, C. pneumoniae y C. trachomatis; esta última se divide en 18 serotipos asociados con diferentes manifestaciones clínicas: A, B, Ba y C con el tracoma; D a K con la enfermedad oculogenital que incluye síndromes de transmisión sexual, conjuntivitis de inclusión en adultos y oftalmía neonatal en niños, pero no el tracoma endémico; L 1 , L 2 y L 3 con el linfogranuloma venéreo (9,24,25).…”

Section: Chlamydia Sppunclassified

“…Esta enfermedad cursa generalmente con afectación bilateral y consta de dos fases: la primera es activa, se da en niños y puede ser asintomática o manifestarse por prurito, irritación y secreciones oculares asociadas a conjuntivitis folicular (25,32,33). Se afecta la conjuntiva tarsal, más gravemente la superior; al examen físico se evidencia un engrosamiento folicular y papilar de las glándulas por la acumulación subepitelial de células linfoides y cuerpos elementales (32,34).…”

Section: Manifestaciones Clínicas Ocularesunclassified

“…La segunda fase se caracteriza por manifestaciones cicatriciales debidas a la inflamación conjuntival a repetición; inicialmente aparecen como pequeñas cicatrices en forma de estrella, que se van desarrollando a lo largo del tiempo y que, al contraerse, son responsables de la triquiasis y el entropión; este fenómeno genera abrasiones corneales dolorosas, edema, úlceras, cicatrización y por último opacidad corneal (7,25,33,34).…”

Section: Manifestaciones Clínicas Ocularesunclassified

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Tracoma: de lo básico a lo clínico

Carvajal-Fernández

Villegas-Mesa

Quintero-Gutiérrez

et al. 2017

iatreia

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RESUMENEl tracoma es una de las Enfermedades Tropicales Desatendidas; lo producen los serotipos A, B, Ba y C de la bacteria intracelular Chlamydia trachomatis, adquirida a partir de la diseminación directa por contacto ocular, propagación indirecta por fómites, transmisión por moscas que buscan los ojos y contacto con los dedos contaminados con secreciones oculares y nasales. En la actualidad es la principal causa de ceguera prevenible en el mundo, representa el 1,4 % de los casos totales y genera el deterioro visual de 1,8 millones de personas, de las cuales 500 000 tienen ceguera. Se calcula que hay 51 países endémicos distribuidos en África, Asia, Latinoamérica y Oceanía. En América hay focos activos en Brasil, México, Guatemala y Colombia. Las manifestaciones oculares iniciales son epífora, inyección conjuntival y secreción mucopurulenta; con el curso crónico se producen queratitis, entropión, triquiasis y opacidades corneales. El diagnóstico es básicamente clínico. Para eliminar esta enfermedad, la Organización Mundial de la Salud formuló el Programa Global para la Eliminación del Tracoma para 2020, basado en la implementación de la estrategia SAFE, consistente en cirugía para evitar complicaciones, tratamiento antibiótico, higiene facial y corporal y mejoramiento de las condiciones ambientales.

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“…C. trachomatis infects the lower genital tract of men as an agent of urethritis, prostatitis, and epididymitis (27–29) and cervicitis, salpingitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease in women (30–32). This species is also a major cause of trachoma and conjunctivitis in developing countries (33, 34). There is an enlarging clinical spectrum for C. trachomatis such as being a cofactor for HIV infection (35).…”

Section: Bacterial Use Of Host Lipids For Entry Into Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hijacking and Use of Host Lipids by Intracellular Pathogens

Toledo

Benach

2015

Microbiol Spectr

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Intracellular bacteria use a number of strategies to survive, grow, multiply, and disseminate within the host. One of the most striking adaptations that intracellular pathogens have developed is the ability to utilize host lipids and their metabolism. Bacteria such as Anaplasma , Chlamydia , or Mycobacterium can use host lipids for different purposes, such as a means of entry through lipid rafts, building blocks for bacteria membrane formation, energy sources, camouflage to avoid the fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes, and dissemination. One of the most extreme examples of lipid exploitation is Mycobacterium , which not only utilizes the host lipid as a carbon and energy source but is also able to reprogram the host lipid metabolism. Likewise, Chlamydia spp. have also developed numerous mechanisms to reprogram lipids onto their intracellular inclusions. Finally, while the ability to exploit host lipids is important in intracellular bacteria, it is not an exclusive trait. Extracellular pathogens, including Helicobacter , Mycoplasma , and Borrelia , can recruit and metabolize host lipids that are important for their growth and survival. Throughout this chapter we will review how intracellular and extracellular bacterial pathogens utilize host lipids to enter, survive, multiply, and disseminate in the host.

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Review: Targeting trachoma: Strategies to reduce the leading infectious cause of blindness

Cited by 28 publications

References 23 publications

Characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis Plasmid-Encoded Open Reading Frames

Characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis Plasmid-Encoded Open Reading Frames

Tracoma: de lo básico a lo clínico

Hijacking and Use of Host Lipids by Intracellular Pathogens

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