Review: The recruitment biology and ecology of large and small crabgrass in turfgrass: Implications for management in the context of a cosmetic pesticide ban

Abstract

Turner, F. A., Jordan, K. S. and Van Acker, R. C. 2012. Review: The recruitment biology and ecology of large and small crabgrass in turfgrass: Implications for management in the context of a cosmetic pesticide ban. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 829–845. Large and small crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis and Digitaria ischaemum, respectively) are problem weeds within turfgrass. As seedling recruitment shapes the demography of annual weeds, it is important to assess the recruitment biology and ecology of crabgrass species to determine how these aspects may be impacted by various management techniques. This, in addition to an assessment of large and small crabgrass’ response to cultural management techniques in turfgrass, is the objective of this review. Turfgrass management either directly or indirectly affects the crabgrass recruitment microclimate by impacting the soil, topography, resources or plant cover, which in turn affects the degree and timing of crabgrass recruitment. Due to the increasing number and scale of cosmetic use pesticide bans in Canada this topic is particularly relevant. Crabgrass experiences a dormancy period of several weeks prior to being able to germinate. Microsite conditions of temperature and moisture have the greatest influence on dormancy breaking and germination; however, other factors such as light have shown some effect on recruitment. There is also evidence that factors such as seed scarification or treatment with nitrogenous compounds can increase recruitment. In turfgrass, common cultural practices, such as mowing, irrigation, and fertilization, can affect the recruitment of crabgrass. By pairing knowledge of the effects of microsite conditions on crabgrass recruitment with management that favours turfgrass vigour, better management practices to deter crabgrass infestation can be recommended. There are large gaps in research pertaining to the effects of cultural management techniques on crabgrass recruitment. Research to date has failed to make critical links between knowledge of these species’ recruitment biology and ecology and how this is affected or can be applied through herbicide alternative management. This review recommends that regional assessments of crabgrass populations are necessary to determine the most appropriate management strategies. This type of research would have the potential to guide ideal application timings for existing and developing alternative herbicides as well as recommendations for the best cultural management practices to deter crabgrass infestation in turf.

Nonchemical annual bluegrass (Poa annua) management in zoysiagrass via fraise mowing

“…Fraise mowing in June occurred during peak summer annual grass germination, which allowed these grasses to establish and seed rain to occur prior to our seedbank analysis. Furthermore, removing the majority of the turf canopy by fraise mowing increased light interception by crabgrasses and goosegrass allowing for weed seed recruitment (Turner et al 2012). Although fraise mowing can remove weeds present at mowing, our results reflect that this disturbance can also lead to the establishment, maturation, production, and dispersal of additional weed seed.…”

Digitaria sanguinalis seed dormancy release and seedling emergence are affected by crop canopy and stubble

“…Fifty seeds were placed in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes with two filter papers and 4 mL of distilled water and incubated at 20/30°C (8/16 h) under fluorescent light (Turner et al ., ; Oreja et al ., ). Light was supplied by four fluorescent lamps (15 W, Osram, Germany), providing a photon irradiance rate of 40–55 mol m −2 s −1 .…”

Weed control spectrum and turfgrass tolerance to bioherbicidePhoma macrostoma

“…For example, in recent years controversy surrounding pesticide use has led numerous provinces in Canada to restrict the use of pesticides for cosmetic purposes. These have included Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia (Turner et al, 2012). Potential human health concerns related to pesticide exposure have been one of the driving forces behind these restrictions (Knopper and Lean, 2004).…”