Review—Trends in the Development of Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensors Modified with a Metal-Organic Framework for Quantification of Uric Acid

Abstract

Uric acid is an important metabolite as its blood levels can help diagnose significant diseases. The accepted methodology for quantifying uric acid is based on enzymatic-spectrophotometric techniques, but in recent years, new alternatives have emerged. Electroanalytical strategies have emerged as promising alternatives for the accurate and precise determination of uric acid. This review analyzes the development over the last decade of non-enzymatic electrochemical studies based on Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for the detection of uric acid. MOFs have recently arisen as new materials for the electrochemical determination of organic molecules of biomedical interest. Most of the proposals in the literature reported applications of these sensors for the determination of uric acid in blood, urine, and pharmaceutical products. Vitreous carbon and carbon paste electrodes are the main transductors modified with MOF materials to electro-oxidize uric acid; the maximum anodic peak current is then used as the analytical signal. The reported results are promising, demonstrating that this electroanalytical approach represents a viable alternative for fast and confident analysis of this molecule.

Notably Stable Bifunctional Europium-Centered Metal–Organic Framework for Instant Sensing of Uric Acid and 1-Hydroxypyrene in Human Urine

“…Clinically, the normal content of UA in the serum is 307− 420 μmol/L for males and 236−331 μmol/L for females. 8 In other words, an abnormal content of UA in the human body could serve as a possible indicator of diseases caused by purine metabolism. In addition, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP), the final product of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in human urine, can be used as a reliable biomarker to detect the degree of exposure of the human body to PAHs.…”

“…At present, gout is the second major metabolic disease after diabetes in our country, resulting in heavy psychological and economic burdens to gout patients and their families. Clinically, the normal content of UA in the serum is 307–420 μmol/L for males and 236–331 μmol/L for females . In other words, an abnormal content of UA in the human body could serve as a possible indicator of diseases caused by purine metabolism.…”

Sensitivity Detection of Uric Acid and Creatinine in Human Urine Based on Nanoporous Gold

“…Typically, endogenous and exogenous uric acid and creatinine, which are formed and distributed in the body, will be excreted in urine through glomerular filtration. Uric acid is the end-product of purine metabolism in the body and exists in the form of highly soluble urates [ 2 ]. The average levels of uric acid in serum and urine of healthy individuals ranged from 240 to 520 μM and 1.44 to 4.43 mM, respectively [ 3 ].…”

Construction of a Sensitive Fluorescence Sensor for Convenient 1-HP and UA Detection Relied on a Stable Eu-MOF

“…Especially in modern society, gout patients tend to be younger year by year, affected by the everchanging weather, accelerated pace of life, irregular eating and schedule, etc. 10,11 Currently, gout has become a serious metabolic disease ranked only second to diabetes in China, causing unspeakable suffering to gout sufferers. 12 Therefore, developing prospective materials and methods with high selectivity, excellent sensitivity, and rapid response for detecting UA is urgent for the prophylaxis and diagnosis of gout.…”

“…However, the overproduction or degradation of excretion mechanism of UA may cause uric acid accumulation in the body and eventually lead to related diseases such as gout and hyperuricemia. , In recent years, with the improvement of living standards in our country, great changes have taken place in the diet structure and lifestyle, and the incidence of metabolic disorder-related diseases such as gout has been growing. Especially in modern society, gout patients tend to be younger year by year, affected by the ever-changing weather, accelerated pace of life, irregular eating and schedule, etc. , Currently, gout has become a serious metabolic disease ranked only second to diabetes in China, causing unspeakable suffering to gout sufferers . Therefore, developing prospective materials and methods with high selectivity, excellent sensitivity, and rapid response for detecting UA is urgent for the prophylaxis and diagnosis of gout.…”