Reviewing the ambiguity in the socio-economic outcomes of large-scale tree plantation investments: reconciling decades of contrasting evidence from sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

Large-scale tree plantation investments are crucial for socio-economic development in rural sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet, the negative consequences of this plantation development model have been flagged because insights regarding their socio-economic impacts, especially in the context of SSA, remain fragmented and nuanced in the literature, marked by both positive and negative outcomes. Therefore, following a narrative review of empirical and non-empirical studies, we aim to synthesize existing evidence to enhance the conceptual understanding of the socio-economic outcomes arising from these investments. By reference to regional and country-level case studies, we analyzed outcomes in three key dimensions: infrastructure and rural development, employment generation and livelihoods, and land use dynamics and rural land governance. Sustainable forest management is identified as pivotal for empowering local communities. Practical implications for improving community relations within the plantation industry are provided. Leveraging these investments can aid in forest landscape restoration that balances social, ecological and economic needs.