Reviews of low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma for studying hemostasis and international standardization

Abstract

Using current surgical hemostasis technologies, the scarring that results from cauterization limits the efficacy of surgery; therefore, a method that controls bleeding without scarring tissue is required. In this regard, low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma (LTP) has been studied as a minimally invasive technology. There are several reports regarding induced platelet aggregation, fibrin polymerization, hemolytic coagulation of red blood cells, and serum protein aggregation following LTP treatment of the blood. However, details of the interrelationships between “plasma quality such as oxygen radicals and electric properties” and “coagulation and aggregation” are not fully understood. It is important to clarify the differences between plasma qualities by analysis. However, in the case of protein aggregation, electric effects may be a key factor. Conversely, LTP devices manufactured for hemostasis are subject to a new international standard (IEC 60601-2-76), which provides basic safety and essential performance specifications.

Preparation of modified polysulfone material decorated by sulfonated citric chitosan for haemodialysis and its haemocompatibility

“…Protein adsorption, the first step of cruor according to the coagulation mechanism, is regarded as the primary indicator of evaluating blood compatibility [27]. To approach the real physiological conditions, the BSA is adopted to simulate human serum albumin in virtue of the similar molecular weight and Stokes radius, and the results in modification are shown in figure 8.…”

“…HR, a way to directly cause thrombus, is defined as the release of haemoglobin into plasma after the damage of red blood cells [27], which is considered as one of the key indicators in the haemocompatibility test. The results of HR between pristine and modified PSF membranes are presented in figure 10 a .…”

Albumin aggregation using low-temperature atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet in argon and air atmosphere

“…Inside the handpiece, there was an RC voltage divider and a current transformer, and the applied voltage and the current were monitored by them using an oscilloscope. 8,24) From these measurements, the power consumption to the plasma discharge was precisely calculated.…”

“…There are several advantages of plasma such as fast and dry application, operation at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and environmental friendliness. Due to these beneficial properties of plasma, other biomedical applications were studied including bleeding control, 8) cancer therapy, [9][10][11] and agriculture. [12][13][14] Several plasma sources have been proposed for hemostasis, for example, flat plate dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), 15,16) microwave plasma jet, 17) and DBD plasma jet.…”

“…17,21) There are three major mechanisms for blood coagulation using plasmas: aggregation of protein, aggregation of fibrinogen and platelets, and hemolysis. 8,22) A different plasma characteristic triggers a different mechanism of blood coagulation. In this study, we focus on the aggregation of protein.…”