Revision of the genusChordodes(Gordiida: Nematomorpha) from Africa IV. Ultrastructural redescription ofChordodes congolensisSciacchitano, 1933,Chordodes feroxCamerano, 1897,Chordodes madagascariensis(Camerano, 1893),Chordodes mobensisSciacchitano, 1958 and reinterpretation ofChordodes maculatusSciacchitano, 1958 andChordodes kakandensisSciacchitano, 1958

Villalobos, Cristina de; Zanca, Fernanda; Schmidt‐Rhaesa, Andreas

doi:10.1080/00222930903220002

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The holotype of this species as well as further specimens have been investigated using SEM by De Villalobos et al (2009). The described characters correspond to the characters described here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…This arrangement has not yet been recognized as a character of taxonomic importance, but is, according to published figures, present in the species Chordodes ferox , Chordodes maculatus Sciacchitano, 1958 and Chordodes madagascariensis (Camerano, 1893). Chordodes maculatus is a species from the Democratic Republic of Congo (Sciacchitano 1958) and a SEM reinvestigation shows elevated simple areoles surrounding the base of thorn areoles (Figure 6B in De Villalobos et al 2009). Chordodes madagascariensis is a species reported from Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea and Madagascar (see De Villalobos et al 2009) and the shape of thorn and surrounding areoles can be seen in the original drawings (Figure 23 in Camerano 1897), but most clearly in the SEM reinvestigation (Figure 3D in De Villalobos et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chordodes maculatus is a species from the Democratic Republic of Congo (Sciacchitano 1958) and a SEM reinvestigation shows elevated simple areoles surrounding the base of thorn areoles (Figure 6B in De Villalobos et al 2009). Chordodes madagascariensis is a species reported from Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea and Madagascar (see De Villalobos et al 2009) and the shape of thorn and surrounding areoles can be seen in the original drawings (Figure 23 in Camerano 1897), but most clearly in the SEM reinvestigation (Figure 3D in De Villalobos et al 2009). The main differences of these two species compared to Chordodes ferox are that Chordodes madagascariensis has high and slender crowned areoles (De Villalobos et al 2009), while Chordodes maculatus has additional bulging areoles (De Villalobos et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of African species have been reinvestigated using SEM (e.g. Schmidt-Rhaesa and De Villalobos 2002, Zanca et al 2006a, b, De Villalobos et al 2007, 2009) and recent species descriptions always include SEM analyses (e.g. Bolek et al 2010, 2013, Hanelt et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chordodes ferox, a new record of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from South Africa

Schmidt‐Rhaesa

Perissinotto

2016

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Three females and one male specimen of a previously unconfirmed species of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha) from South Africa are described using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The females correspond to the description of Chordodes ferox Camerano, 1897, a species previously described from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa) and an adjacent, not further specified region of the Republic of Congo (Congo-Brazzaville). Characteristic is the presence of enlarged and elevated simple areoles around the base of a thorn areole, in combination with further cuticular characters. This is the latest of a total of six species of horsehair worms reported from South Africa so far. Two species of praying mantids, Polyspilota aeruginosa (Goeze, 1778) and Sphodromantis gastrica Stål, 1858, have been identified as hosts of Chordodes ferox, while its distribution range in the region and the period of adult emergence from the host remain largely unknown.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chordodes ferox, a new record of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from South Africa

Schmidt‐Rhaesa

Perissinotto

2016

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“…Our observations on deformed individuals of C. kenyaensis clearly indicate that this areal pattern is consistent within this species but worm length appears not to be a good character for species differentiation within the genus Chordodes. Of the 19 other sufficiently described African Chordodes species, 14 species contain simple areoles that are not of the "blackberry" type (Zanca et al 2006a;2006b;De Villalobos et al 2007;Schmidt-Rhaesa et al 2008;De Villalobos et al 2009;Bolek et al 2010). Of those, seven species contain smooth simple areoles with minute bristles or projections on their apical surface (Chordodes capensis Camerano 1895, Chordodes digitatus Linstow 1901, C. janovyi, Chordodes kolensis Sciacchitano 1933, Chordodes madagascariensis (Camerano 1897), Chordodes sandoensis Sciacchitano 1937, and Chordodes tuberculatus Linstow 1901).…”

Section: Description Of Chordodes Kenyaensis N Sp (Figs 1-6)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel techniques for biodiversity studies of gordiids and description of a new species of Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Kenya, Africa

Bolek¹,

Szmygiel²,

Kubat³

et al. 2013

Zootaxa

457

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We review recent advances in the use of non-adult gordiid cyst stages to locate gordiids over large geographical regions and new culturing techniques which can help overcome current difficulties in nematomorph biodiversity studies. Using these techniques, we collected a new species of gordiid as cysts in aquatic snails (Biomphalaria pfeifferi) from the Lake Victoria Basin, western Kenya, Africa and cultured them in the laboratory. We describe the adult free-living male and female worms using morphological (light and scanning electron microscopy) and molecular data as well as the life cycle, mating and oviposition behavior, egg strings, eggs, larvae, and cysts of this new species. Chordodes kenyaensis n. sp. belongs to a large group of African Chordodes in which simple areoles are smooth or superficially structured less so than "blackberry" areoles but contain filamentous projections. Present among the simple areoles are clusters of bulging areoles, crowned and circumcluster areoles along with thorn and tubercle areoles. In the laboratory, worms developed and emerged within 53-78 days from three species of laboratory-reared crickets exposed to cysts of this species. Adult male and female C. kenyaensis n. sp. initiated typical Gordian knots within hours to days of being placed together and males deposited masses of sperm on the cloacal region of females. Females began oviposition within a week of copulating and attached egg strings in a continuous zigzag pattern on small branches or air-hoses but never free in the water column. Larvae hatched within two to three weeks, and cysts developed in laboratory-reared and exposed snails within 14-24 days. Morphological characteristics of egg strings, eggs, larvae and cysts of C. kenyaensis were most similar to other gordiids in the genus Chordodes but differed morphologically from other gordiid genera for which similar information is available.

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Survival of Larval and Cyst Stages of Gordiids (Nematomorpha) After Exposure to Freezing

Bolek

Rogers

Szmygiel

et al. 2013

Journal of Parasitology

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Hairworms infect terrestrial arthropods and are 1 of the most understudied groups of parasites. Recently, life cycles of 2 gordiids (Paragordius varius and Paragordius obamai) have been domesticated in the laboratory. We tested the viability of laboratory reared and post-frozen larval and cyst stages of the North American gordiid, P. varius , frozen at -80 C for 7 mo, and the viability of field collected and post-frozen cysts of the African (P. obamai) and North American ( P. varius ) gordiid frozen at -20 C for 2 mo. All snails exposed to post-frozen or control P. varius larvae became infected with cysts, and there was no significant difference in prevalence or mean intensity of cysts among control or experimental snail groups. As with larvae, no significant differences were observed in prevalence or mean intensity of emerging worms from crickets infected with post-frozen or control P. obamai or P. varius cysts. All female P. obamai and P. varius worms from control and post-frozen cyst infections laid eggs and larvae hatched from some of these eggs. Survival and cyst formation of P. varius larvae exposed to different combinations of drying and/or freezing temperatures indicated that gordiid larvae have the ability to survive drying and freezing, but survival significantly increases during freezing at lower temperatures. The major contribution of our study is the demonstration that gordiid larval and cyst stages can survive freezing temperatures to infect and develop in the next host.

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Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Chordodes ferox, a new record of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from South Africa

Chordodes ferox, a new record of horsehair worms (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) from South Africa

Novel techniques for biodiversity studies of gordiids and description of a new species of Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Kenya, Africa

Survival of Larval and Cyst Stages of Gordiids (Nematomorpha) After Exposure to Freezing

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