Revision of the <i>Bicyclus sciathis</i> species group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with descriptions of four new species and corrected distributional records

Brattström, Oskar; Aduse‐Poku, Kwaku; Collins, Steve C.; Santo, Teresa Di Micco De; Brakefield, Paul M.

doi:10.1111/syen.12150

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The more than 300 extant species of mycalesine butterflies show comparatively little morphological variation and can be notoriously challenging to identify. Hence, the wide diversity in the number, size and position of androconia on the wings of males has become the key taxonomic trait used to distinguish these species (Condamin 1973, Brattström et al 2016) Despite considerable periods of independent evolution (Aduse-Poku et al 2015), the three species used in this study demonstrate strikingly similar patterns of plasticity for androconial structures; the scent organs on the hindwing are largely insensitive to thermal variation while the same external cue induces the development of larger sexual structures on the forewing. Furthermore, similar patterns of androconial plasticity have been observed in Bicyclus sanaos and Mycalesis mineus, two mycalesine butterflies from Africa and Asia, respectively (van Bergen unpubl.)…”

Section: Androconial Plasticity In Mycalesine Butterfliesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Developmental plasticity for male secondary sexual traits in a group of polyphenic tropical butterflies

Balmer

Brakefield

Brattström

et al. 2018

Oikos

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Many organisms alter their investment in secondary sexual traits to optimise the fitness tradeoff between reproduction and survival. Though seasonal variation in the expression of sexual traits is evident (e.g. conspicuous breeding plumage in birds), little attention has been given to short‐lived organisms that inhabit relatively stable environments throughout their own lifetime but are exposed to strong environmental variation across generations. Some insects have evolved seasonal polyphenism to cope with intergenerational variation in environmental selection, yielding alternative phenotypes better suited for the environment in which they occur. Here we use mycalesine butterflies, which express distinct seasonal forms in response to wet‐dry seasonal environments, to explore whether seasonal polyphenism extends to secondary sexual traits. Sex pheromones, which are produced by androconial patches on the wings of males, are a key determinant of mating success in these species. Through a series of field sampling, reaction norm experiments, pheromone titre quantification, and mate competition experiments, this study reveals that the size of the androconial patch on the forewing is mediated by the temperatures experienced during development, which correspond to the ecological conditions during the alternative wet and dry seasons in the wild. Furthermore, in one of the species, Bicyclus anynana, larger forewing patches are associated with both an increase in the production of pheromone components as well as the likelihood of mating. Taken together, these findings indicate that plasticity in androconial patches may be an adaptation to seasonal fluctuations in the environment as it favours reproductive success in the conditions in which each seasonal form flies. We discuss our findings in the context of seasonal differences in the optimal tradeoff between reproduction and survival.

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Section: Androconial Plasticity In Mycalesine Butterfliesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Developmental plasticity for male secondary sexual traits in a group of polyphenic tropical butterflies

Balmer

Brakefield

Brattström

et al. 2018

Oikos

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“…(B) Confirmed findings of B. anynana in Southeast Africa in the area indicated. This species can be found in: Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Socotra islands, Comoro islands, and South Africa (Otto, 2015;Brattström et al, 2016). accuracy of 0.1 log likelihood units.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Wnt Gene Expression During Early Embryogenesis in the Nymphalid Butterfly Bicyclus anynana

et al. 2019

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Wnt signaling pathways are involved in many important cellular processes including proliferation and differentiation. Wnt ligands are released by source cells and signal to target cells by binding to the Frizzled receptor family and triggering changes in downstream target gene expression. Wnt signaling appeared at the base of metazoans and there was an early expansion in the repertoire of Wnt ligands to the 13 known subfamilies. However, little is known about functionality of these ligands in many animal lineages. Understanding the roles of these important signaling molecules in a wider range of animals is crucial to understand the regulation and evolution of cell fate during development and how this can lead to diversification. Here, we analyzed the Wnt repertoire among lepidopterans, where the embryological functionality of these ligands is understudied compared to other insect orders. To be able to explore Wnt gene roles during butterfly embryogenesis we first established a staging system for the butterfly model, Bicyclus anynana, and assayed the expression pattern of all eight lepidopteran Wnt genes during early butterfly development. We detected expression of Wnt1, Wnt10, and WntA in several expression domains, such as segmental stripes as well as expression of Wnt7 in the nervous system and Wnt11 in several head structures. Overall, our study provides, a basis for future research into butterfly embryogenesis and much needed new insights into the potential roles of Wnt genes in specifying cell fate in these animals as well as how this compares to other animals.

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“…On the other hand, many species in the tribe Satyrini possess scent organs consisting of hairpencils (Fig 1 A,B) and scent patches (Fig 2A), both on the wing, that brush against each other dispersing chemicals in the process (Nieberding et al 2008;Brattström et al 2015Brattström et al , 2016Aduse-Poku et al 2017). It is to be noted however, that glandular, secretory cells underly some of the patches and produce pheromones, while other patches are not associated with such secretory cells (Bacquet et al 2015;Dion et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doublesexmediates the development of sex-specific pheromone organs inBicyclusbutterflies via multiple mechanisms

Prakash

Monteiro

2019

Preprint

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The Bicyclus lineage of satyrid butterflies exhibits male-specific traits, the scent organ 9 complex, used for chemical communication during courtship. This complex consists of tightly 10 packed brush-like scales (hair-pencils) that rub against scent patches to disperse pheromones, but 11 the evolution and molecular basis of the organ's male-limited development remains unknown. 12 Here, we examine the evolution of the number and location of the scent patches and hair-pencils 13 within 53 species of Bicyclus butterflies, and the involvement of the sex determinant gene 14 doublesex (dsx) in scent organ development in Bicyclus anynana using CRISPR/Cas9. We show 15 that scent patches and hair-pencils arose via multiple, independent gains, in a correlated manner. 16 Further, an initially non-sex-specific Dsx protein expression pattern in developing wing discs 17 becomes male-specific and spatially refined to areas that develop the scent organ complex over 18 the course of development. Functional perturbations of dsx show that this gene is required for 19 male patch development whereas hair-pencils can develop in both sexes without Dsx input. Dsx 20 in females is, instead, required to repress hair-pencils. These findings suggest that the patches 21 and hair-pencils evolve as correlated composite organs that are sex-limited via the spatial 22 regulation of dsx. Divergence in the function of dsx isoforms occurs in both sexes, where the 23 male isoform promotes patch development in males and the female isoform represses hair-pencil 24 development in females, both leading to the development of male-limited traits. Furthermore, 25 evolution in number and location of patches, but not of hair-pencils, appears to be regulated by 26 spatial regulation of dsx. 27 28 65On the other hand, many species in the tribe Satyrini possess scent organs consisting of hair-66 pencils (Fig 1 A,B) and scent patches (Fig 2A), both on the wing, that brush against each other 67 dispersing chemicals in the process (Nieberding et al. 2008;Brattström et al. 2015Brattström et al. , 2016 Aduse-68 Poku et al. 2017). It is to be noted however, that glandular, secretory cells underly some of the 69 130 (hair-pencil 3 without patch 3 in B. jefferyi, B. moyses and B. dorothea) and vice versa (patch 13 131 in B. hyperanthus, B. scaithis and B. elishiae). 132 133 Patterns of androconia diversity within Bicyclus occurs primarily via multiple trait gain, 134 and trait loss 135In order to understand the origins of this diversity within Bicyclus, we first constructed a 136 phylogenetic tree of the species of interest using a Bayesian framework and then reconstructed 137 the evolutionary history of the different hair-pencils and patches on the sampled trees. Our 138

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Revision of the Bicyclus sciathis species group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with descriptions of four new species and corrected distributional records

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

Developmental plasticity for male secondary sexual traits in a group of polyphenic tropical butterflies

Developmental plasticity for male secondary sexual traits in a group of polyphenic tropical butterflies

Wnt Gene Expression During Early Embryogenesis in the Nymphalid Butterfly Bicyclus anynana

Doublesexmediates the development of sex-specific pheromone organs inBicyclusbutterflies via multiple mechanisms

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