Abstract:Although new methods and data are conquering space in the field of taxonomy, such as integrative taxonomy, most of the terrestrial isopod species are still described based only on morphology. Species of the genus Atlantoscia Ferrara & Taiti, 1981 were the first and are the unique terrestrial isopods from the Neotropics for which a molecular phylogeny was already conducted. Previous results indicated that this genus could be paraphyletic, and a more detailed analysis would be required. Our aim was to reconstruct the phylogeny of Atlantoscia using mitochondrial and nuclear markers and test its monophyly by integrating molecular and morphological data. We observed that, indeed, Atlantoscia is paraphyletic. Atlantoscia ituberasensis Campos-Filho, Lisboa & Araujo, 2013 and Atlantoscia rubromarginata Araujo & Leistikow, 1999 were placed in a new genus of terrestrial isopods, Paratlantoscia gen. nov., together with a new species described in the present study, Paratlantoscia robusta sp. nov. The new genus is defined by the presence of specialized respiratory areas in the pleopod exopods and its validity is highly corroborated by molecular analyses and by biogeographic information. This study highlights the importance of multiple and complementary perspectives as a way to improve the quality of species hypothesis and associated descriptions. al. 2013; Grummer et al. 2014). Due to practical and historical reasons most species were primarily described based on morphology for most part of our history (Padial et al. 2010).Nonetheless, new methods and data are conquering space in taxonomy. For example, assigning groups of organisms to species is one of the most challenging aspects of phylogenetic studies (Coyne and Orr 2004).One of these new approaches is integrative taxonomy. It integrates information from different sources (usually from morphological and molecular data) to delimit and describe taxa. The result is improved rigor in species delimitation, which is its ultimate goal as well (Marshall et al. 2006; Schilick-Steiner et al. 2010;Castalanelli et al. 2017). Integrative taxonomy has gained many supporters in recent years, especially because this approach has been proved to be effective in solving systematic issues in a variety of groups (e.g., Castro-Romero et al. 2016;Decker et al. 2016;Ekimova et al. 2016; Hernandez-Orts et al. 2017; Mazancourt et al. 2017), thus improving the quality of species hypothesis and associated descriptions (Pante et al. 2015). In this context, terrestrial isopods (Oniscidea) are an interesting group, since the majority of the species are still described based only on morphology, even though in many cases morphological characters do not provide a clear taxonomic resolution (Schmalfuss 2003). Terrestrial isopods comprise the most successful colonizers of terrestrial environments among crustaceans and show morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to this lifestyle (Richardson and Araujo 2015). For example, the development of the respiratory structures on the pleo...