Revision of the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale: Development of brief and long forms.

Smith, Stevens S.; Piper, Megan E.; Bolt, Daniel M.; Kaye, Jesse T.; Fiore, Michael C.; Baker, Timothy B.

doi:10.1037/pas0000978

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Among 12,048 current smokers who attempted to quit in the 8,387 (69.9%) experienced at least one withdrawal symptom when unable to smoke. Among 7,595 who reported no previous quit attempts, 3,607 (47.5%) reported such experience. Supplementary Table 2 compares the experience of withdrawal symptoms in current smokers who did and did not attempt to stop smoking in the past.…”

Section: Withdrawal Symptoms In Current Smokers and In Ex-smokersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stopping smoking is often accompanied by withdrawal discomfort, comprising of an array of tobacco withdrawal symptoms (1). In dependent smokers, tobacco abstinence is typically accompanied by urges to smoke, restlessness, hunger, irritability, and other adverse mood changes (2,3). Other less frequent but occasionally severe tobacco withdrawal symptoms include insomnia (4), mouth ulcers (5), and constipation (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19

Cui

Zhao

et al. 2023

Front. Psychiatry

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ObjectiveTo clarify the extent to which smokers in the general population experience tobacco withdrawal symptoms and whether such experience differs in those who continue to smoke and those who stopped smoking.MethodsWe included relevant questions in the nationally-representative China Health Literacy Survey (CHLS) conducted in 2018–2019. Among 87,028 participants, there were 22,115 ever-smokers aged 20–69 years who provided information on their smoking history and their experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to explore the association between withdrawal symptoms and other variables.ResultsAmong ever-smokers, there were 19,643 (88.8%) current smokers and 2,472 (11.2%) ex-smokers. Among current smokers, 61.3% reported having tried to quit smoking in the past. Overall, 61.1% of current smokers reported experiencing withdrawal symptoms: 69.9% of those who tried to quit smoking in the past and 47.5% of those who did not. A lower proportion of ex-smokers experienced withdrawal symptoms (46.3%) and the difference remained significant after controlling for demographic characteristics (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.62–1.93, P < 0.001). The most commonly reported withdrawal symptoms in both current smokers and ex-smokers were craving, restlessness and anxiety. In the multivariable-adjusted analyses, those who experienced withdrawal symptoms when they tried to quit smoking (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.86–2.27) were less likely to successfully quit.ConclusionsThe clinical picture of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome is the same in current smokers and in ex-smokers, but ex-smokers are less likely to have experienced it. The experience of discomfort when unable to smoke is common and seems likely to be a major factor contributing to maintaining smoking behavior not just among individuals seeking help with quitting smoking, but among smokers generally.

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Section: Withdrawal Symptoms In Current Smokers and In Ex-smokersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19

Cui

Zhao

et al. 2023

Front. Psychiatry

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“…Smoking behavior-related variables include years of smoking, motivation to quit (Motivation To Stop Scale) [ 70 ], number and method(s) of previous quit attempts, use of alternative tobacco products and/or ECs, current participation in other smoking cessation program, current use of NRT, and withdrawal symptoms (Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale; WSWS2-B) [ 71 ]. Additionally, EC dependence is queried (Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index; PSECDI) [ 72 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining app-based behavioral therapy with electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a study protocol for a single-arm mixed-methods pilot trial

Schiek,

Esch,

Michaelsen

et al. 2024

Addict Sci Clin Pract

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Background Cigarette smoking remains a leading cause of preventable illness and death, underscoring the need for effective evidence-based smoking cessation interventions. Nuumi, a novel smoking cessation program integrating a digital behavioral therapy and an electronic cigarette, may provide a solution. Objective To investigate the initial efficacy, acceptability and psychological outcomes of an evidence-based smoking cessation intervention comprised of a mobile phone app and an electronic cigarette among adults who smoke and who are motivated to quit. Methods A prospective 6-month single-arm mixed-methods pilot study will be conducted. Seventy adults who smoke and who are motivated to quit will be recruited via web-based advertisements and flyers. Participants receive access to an app and an electronic cigarette with pods containing nicotine for temporary use of at least 3 months. The electronic cigarette is coupled with the app via Bluetooth, allowing for tracking of patterns of use. The behavioral therapy leverages evidence-based content informed by cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness-informed principles. Web-based self-report surveys will be conducted at baseline, at 4 weeks, at 8 weeks, at 12 weeks, and at 24 weeks post-baseline. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted at baseline and at 12 weeks post-baseline. Primary outcomes will be self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking at 12 weeks and 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes will include other smoking cessation-related outcomes, psychological outcomes, and acceptability of the nuumi intervention. Descriptive analyses and within-group comparisons will be performed on the quantitative data, and content analyses will be performed on the qualitative data. Recruitment for this study started in October 2023. Discussion As tobacco smoking is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality, this research addresses one of the largest health burdens of our time. The results will provide insights into the initial efficacy, acceptability, and psychological outcomes of a novel mobile health intervention for smoking cessation. If successful, this pilot may generate an effective intervention supporting adults who smoke to quit smoking. The results will inform feasibility of a future randomized controlled trial. Trial Registration German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00032652, registered 09/15/2023, https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00032652.

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“…being around others smoking or vaping) and internal cues (positive and negative affect, craving, difficulty concentrating). We have used the internal cue items in previous EMA research [31–33]; many items were adapted from established measures, including the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) and the Wisconsin smoking withdrawal scale (WSWS) [34,35]. Expectations of reward from product use were also assessed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding contexts of smoking and vaping among dual users: analysis of ecological momentary assessment data

Piper¹,

Baker²,

Zwaga³

et al. 2021

Addiction

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Aims To understand dual users’ cigarette and e‐cigarette use patterns, including the contexts in which they vape versus smoke and to understand how environmental and internal contexts and smoking patterns differ between dual users and exclusive smokers. Design Longitudinal observational trial. Setting Research center in Wisconsin, USA. Participants Adult dual users (n = 162) and adults who exclusively smoked (n = 143), with no plans to quit smoking or vaping in the next 30 days. Measurements Participants carried smartphones for 2 weeks at baseline to record each use event for the two products and report on the context of their product use. The percentage of mornings where participants vaped first versus smoked were used to compute e‐cigarette dependence. Findings Hierarchical linear regression models with random slopes and intercepts examined the within‐ and between‐subject effects of context on the likelihood of vaping (versus smoking); significant fixed effects were tested for moderation by e‐cigarette dependence. Dual users reported significantly more puffs/cigarette [mean = 13.1, standard deviation (SD) = 10.2] than puffs/vape event (mean = 11.7, SD = 11.5; P = 0.01). E‐cigarette dependence moderated the influence of social cues (t‐ratio = 2.4, P = 0.02) and smoking restrictions (t‐ratio = 3.1, P = 0.003) on the likelihood of vaping versus smoking [odds ratio (OR) = 2.30, P = 0.02]. Context was more related to which product was used in those of low versus higher e‐cigarette dependence. Reports of strong cravings to smoke and positive expectancies for cigarettes were associated with a reduced likelihood of vaping, whereas strong cravings to vape and positive vaping expectancies were related to increased likelihood of vaping. Conclusions Among dual users of cigarettes and e‐cigarettes with no motivation to quit, vaping appears to be related to internal cues and more highly linked with social contexts and smoking restrictions (i.e. under stronger external stimulus control) among those with low to moderate e‐cigarette dependence compared with high e‐cigarette dependence. These findings illustrate the importance of contextual factors in tobacco product use among dual users with the influence of context being reduced at high levels of e‐cigarette dependence.

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Revision of the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale: Development of brief and long forms.

Cited by 10 publications

References 64 publications

The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19

The experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms among current smokers and ex-smokers in the general population: Findings from nationwide China Health Literacy Survey during 2018-19

Combining app-based behavioral therapy with electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a study protocol for a single-arm mixed-methods pilot trial

Understanding contexts of smoking and vaping among dual users: analysis of ecological momentary assessment data

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