Revisiting cardiovascular regeneration with bone marrow‐derived angiogenic and vasculogenic cells

Abstract

Cell-based therapy has emerged as a promising therapy for cardiovascular disease. Particularly, bone marrow (BM)-derived cells have been most extensively investigated and have shown encouraging results in preclinical studies. Clinical trials, however, have demonstrated split results in post-myocardial infarction cardiac repair. Mechanistically, transdifferentiation of BM-derived cells into cardiovascular tissue demonstrated by earlier studies is now known to play a minor role in functional recovery, and humoral and paracrine effects turned out to be main mechanisms responsible for tissue regeneration and functional recovery. With this advancement in the mechanistic insight of BM-derived cells, new efforts have been made to identify cell population, which can be readily isolated and obtained in sufficient quantity without mobilization and have higher therapeutic potential. Recently, haematopoietic CD31 + cells, which are more prevalent in bone marrow and peripheral blood, have been revealed to have angiogenic and vasculogenic activities and strong potential for therapeutic neovascularization in ischaemic tissues. This article will cover the recent advances in BM-derived cell-based therapy and implication of CD31 + cells. LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed section on Regenerative Medicine and Pharmacology: A Look to the Future. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx

Retracted: ‘Fenofibrate improves the impaired endothelial progenitor cell function through inhibiting eNOS uncoupling in diabetic mice’ by Zhao et al.

“…Under some pathological conditions, such as in diabetic patients, the functional activity and even the structure of endothelial cells are damaged, which may contribute to micro-and macro-vascular abnormalities (Paneni et al, 2013;Lee et al, 2013). EPCs, a group of multi-progenitor cells, having the ability to differentiate into endothelial cells and contributing to endothelial recovery (Asahara et al, 1997;Lee and Yoon, 2013) plays a critical role in vascular endothelium integrity, in vascular repair and regeneration (Inoue et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2011).…”

“…Studies have shown that EPCs plays a critical role in vascular endothelium integrity, in vascular repair and regeneration (Inoue et al, 2011, Liu et al, 2011. Accumulating evidences suggest that circulating EPCs, derived from the bone marrow, contribute to endothelial recovery (Lee and Yoon, 2013). Decreased levels of circulating EPCs are correlated with increased risk for coronary artery disease (Briguori et al, 2010).…”

Enhanced therapeutic neovascularization by CD31-expressing cells and embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells engineered with chitosan hydrogel containing VEGF-releasing microtubes

“…The collective data to date has shown that the dominant mechanisms underlying vascular regenerative effects of adult stem or progenitor cells are their paracrine activities (reviewed in [57]). Based on this, we sought to identify higher angiogenic cells regardless of their stem cell status and discovered that a subpopulation of BM or peripheral blood MNCs expressing CD31 have these high angiogenic activities and are effective for vascular repair [12, 13].…”

The birth of ‘regenerative pharmacology’: a clinical perspective

“…While the embryonic stem cell remains the most obvious candidate to produce the billions of cells needed for significant myocardial repair, considerable ethical and practical considerations still need to be overcome. Advances in the field of research associated with regenerative medicine have resulted in the identification of therapeutic regenerative potential in existing cell types (see accompanying review by Lee and Yoon, 2012). This could provide new pharmaco- Table 3 Paracrine factors/cytokines secreted by stem/progenitor cells and implicated in myocardial repair…”