Revisiting Kalundu Mound, Zambia: Implications for the Timing of Social and Subsistence Transitions in Iron Age Southern Africa

Abstract

Novel trajectories of food production, urbanism, and inter-regional trade fueled the emergence of numerous complex Iron Age polities in central and southern Africa. Renewed research and re-dating efforts in Botswana, Zimbabwe, and along the Swahili Coast are transforming models for how inter-regional interaction spheres contributed to these patterns. While societies in present-day Zambia played an important role in the trade of copper, ivory, gold, and other resources between central and southern Africa, little is known about lifeways during the rise of social complexity in this region. This paper reports the results of re-excavation at Kalundu Mound on the Batoka Plateau of southern Zambia, one of the iconic mound sites of the Iron Age “Kalomo Culture.” New radiocarbon dates were combined with the original dates in a series of Bayesian models, indicating that previous chronologies for the site are not reliable and that the mound site likely developed rapidly from AD 1190 to 1410. Archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological, and paleo-proteomic analyses of excavated materials suggests a broad subsistence base combining wild and domesticated species, including the first reported evidence for finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in the region. Considering these findings, it is necessary to re-evaluate the temporal context of the Kalomo site-group, and to also systematically reinvestigate the systems of exchange and subsistence that supported Later Iron Age complexity.

Early agriculture and crop transitions at Kakapel Rockshelter in the Lake Victoria region of eastern Africa

“…Growing western African lowland-adapted crops in the eastern African highlands may have proven initially difficult as soil conditions, seasonal rainfall patterns, elevation and temperature differ markedly between west/central and eastern Africa. It is also clear from faunal records at Kakapel and elsewhere that hunting and foraging wild resources were more important for early Bantu subsistence than these imported crops [4,47,53,74,75]. In the long-term, local ecological knowledge was critical in structuring community-scale choices about which crops to adopt and how to best integrate them into existing food systems.…”