The study sought to identify research gaps and propose recommendations for maximizing the outcomes, value, and impact of HSR and PCR investments, including strategies for better coordination and potential realignment of research agendas.This document provides the final report of the study to the U.S. House and Senate Committees on Appropriations. The document should be of interest to health services and primary care researchers, other stakeholders-including health care delivery leaders, consumers, purchasers, insurers, and improvement organizations-as well as congressional and other policymakers concerned with the role of federally funded research in advancing the fields of HSR and PCR.This research was funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality under Contract No. HHSA290201800002G and carried out within the Payment, Cost, and Coverage Program in RAND Health Care.RAND Health Care, a division of the RAND Corporation, promotes healthier societies by improving health care systems in the United States and other countries. We do this by providing health care decisionmakers, practitioners, and consumers with actionable, rigorous, objective evidence to support their most complex decisions.For more information, see www.rand.org/health-care, or contact