Revisiting Randall's plaque

Abrol, Nitin; Kekre, Nitin S

doi:10.1016/j.afju.2014.06.001

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…Randall's plaques appear to be the precursor's origin of urinary stone development although it is unclear whether it involves in all stone types or not [ 62 ]. Moreover, the pathogenesis of Randall's plaque itself is not clearly known [ 94 ]. The majority of CaOx stones are found to be attached with renal papillae at the sites of Randall's plaque [ 26 ].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Renal Stone Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kidney Stone Disease: An Update on Current Concepts

Alelign

Petros

2018

Advances in Urology

586

432

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Kidney stone disease is a crystal concretion formed usually within the kidneys. It is an increasing urological disorder of human health, affecting about 12% of the world population. It has been associated with an increased risk of end-stage renal failure. The etiology of kidney stone is multifactorial. The most common type of kidney stone is calcium oxalate formed at Randall's plaque on the renal papillary surfaces. The mechanism of stone formation is a complex process which results from several physicochemical events including supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention of urinary stone constituents within tubular cells. These steps are modulated by an imbalance between factors that promote or inhibit urinary crystallization. It is also noted that cellular injury promotes retention of particles on renal papillary surfaces. The exposure of renal epithelial cells to oxalate causes a signaling cascade which leads to apoptosis by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Currently, there is no satisfactory drug to cure and/or prevent kidney stone recurrences. Thus, further understanding of the pathophysiology of kidney stone formation is a research area to manage urolithiasis using new drugs. Therefore, this review has intended to provide a compiled up-to-date information on kidney stone etiology, pathogenesis, and prevention approaches.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Renal Stone Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kidney Stone Disease: An Update on Current Concepts

Alelign

Petros

2018

Advances in Urology

586

432

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“…[32][33][34][35] The frequent presence of Randall's plaques in recurrent stone formers is an important epidemiological as well as pathogenetic factor in the production of recurrent stone formation. [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] Randall's plaques increase in number and form in the tips of the papillae in recurrent stone formers. They are diagnosed by radiological techniques.…”

Section: Inhibitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nephrolithiasis (part 1): Epidemiology, causes and pathogenesis of recurrent nephrolithiasis

Meyers

Naicker²

2021

S Afr Med J

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Kidney stone disease is commonly seen in general practice in both children and adults. This review addresses the epidemiology, causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of recurrent nephrolithiasis, and the data reviewed in this article are taken from experience gained from running a kidney stone clinic for 40 years, which culminated in the publication of an MD thesis entitled 'The pivotal role of a kidney stone clinic in the management and prevention of recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis' . [1] The thesis is considerably more detailed than the review, and is available to those who wish to further their reading on the subject. EpidemiologyRenal calculous disease was known in the days of Hippocrates (400 BCE). The era of the alchemists started in about 1200 BCE, and the barber surgeons from about 1400 -1700 BCE. The alchemists diagnosed the causes of kidney disorders as well as kidney stones based on the colour, composition, odour and taste of multiple urine samples to which chemicals had been added. They were then able to 'treat' their patients. The victims of the barber surgeons seldom survived after attempts to remove renal, ureteric and bladder calculi. Hence a saying proposed many years before by Hippocrates, 'Thou shalt not cut for stone, ' was brought into law. [2] Stone disease is still one of the most common conditions seen in medical practice. It is associated with considerable mortality, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and occasionally even end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). [3][4][5] In 2001, nephrolithiasis was estimated to occur in about 12% of males and 5% of females. Multiple recurrences were seen in ~50% of these individuals. [6,7] Calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi have been found to be the cause of stones in >80% of stone patients, and are frequently recurrent. Renal CaOx calculi occur in 85% of cases, and in the other 15%, calcium phosphate (CaP) comprises the chemical make-up. These CaP calculi occasionally cause ESKD.CaOx calculi are rare in the South African (SA) black population and in African Americans. The introduction of Westernised diets in recent years is expected to increase stone formation, but by a small margin only. As has been shown in African Americans, genetic factors occur that significantly inhibit the precipitation of CaOx in the urine.Although not yet studied in the black SA population, similar genetic findings remain a distinct possibility. [8][9][10] Moreover, as the years progress, so does stone incidence increase -especially in children. This is well illustrated in Fig. 1, and the epidemiological causes are for further reading, as discussed in the references. [11][12][13][14] Note: • There has been an increase in incidence in all age groups -mostly in those aged 10 -19 years (23%). • The mean incidence in African Americans is 15% (stone type not specified). • There are no data in black South Africans. CaOx calculi are still rare (~1%). [11] Causes of nephrolithiasis Major risk factors related to stone formation are shown in Fig. 2. These can include medullary sponge k...

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“…The observation of urinary stones by means of a stereomicroscope represents a first fundamental approach in their characterization, providing important information in terms of etiological or pathophysiological conditions [11]. This examination is based on a morphological evaluation of the aggregates, taking into account color, shape, aspect of the surface and the section, presence of umbilication (papillary imprint) and Randall's Plaque [40][41][42]. In KS020B, the brown-orange concentric structure is poorly organized with thin porous and orange layers (Fig.…”

Section: Stereomicroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%