Revisiting the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics

Honigsbaum, Mark

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31201-0

Cited by 85 publications

(66 citation statements)

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“…Perhaps this pandemic has enabled Generation Z, those born between 1995 and 2010 (Seemiller & Grace, 2018), to become more resilient due to the changing nature of our society and how we live. The older generation have built up a level of resilience due to living through such turmoil as war and health pandemics (Honigsbaum, 2020) and are a generation renowned for resilience (BPS, 2020). Perhaps the next Generation will adapt similarly as an outcome of this pandemic.…”

Section: Ucla Brief Loneliness Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Winter is coming: age and early psychological concomitants of the Covid-19 pandemic in England

Carson

Prescott

Allen

et al. 2020

JPMH

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Purpose This paper aims to demonstrate early psychological concomitants of the Covid-19 pandemic in England on a sample of younger and older people. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional quantitative questionnaire (n = 1608) was conducted on the Prolific website. Participants completed the PERMA Scale (Flourishing), the four Office of National Statistics (ONS4) Well-being Questions, the Clinical Outcomes Measure in Routine Evaluation (CORE-10) and the short University of California Los Angeles Brief Loneliness Scale. Findings Data were gathered on March 18, 2020, near the start of the Covid-19 pandemic. This study looks at the effects of the developing pandemic on younger participants (18 to 25 years, n = 391) and older participants (60 to 80 years, n = 104). Flourishing levels for older participants were significantly higher (M = 107.96) than for younger participants (M = 97.80). Younger participants scored significantly higher on the ONS4 for anxiety and lower than the older participants for happiness, life satisfaction and having a worthwhile life. Levels of psychological distress (CORE-10) were also significantly lower for older participants (M = 9.06) than for younger participants (M = 14.61). Finally, younger participants scored significantly higher on the Brief UCLA Loneliness Scale (M = 6.05) than older participants (M = 4.64). Research limitations/implications From these findings, the Covid-19 pandemic was having a significantly greater effect on younger people in England, less than one week before the UK went into “lockdown”. Scores for both the Younger and Older groups on all the study measures were worse than normative comparisons. The study had no specific measure of Covid-19 anxiety, but nor was one available at the time of the survey. Practical implications This study suggests that younger people (18 to 25) may be a more vulnerable group during the Covid-19 pandemic than many may have realized. Social implications As a recent British Psychological Society report concluded, there is a lot of untapped wisdom amongst older groups in society. Originality/value This is one of the earliest studies to look at psychological distress before England went into “lockdown.”

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Section: Ucla Brief Loneliness Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Winter is coming: age and early psychological concomitants of the Covid-19 pandemic in England

Carson

Prescott

Allen

et al. 2020

JPMH

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“…Similar to H1N1 infection, the outbreak appeared in different phases of the waves but was less transmissible. It caused approximately 1.1 M deaths worldwide from the year 1957-1958 [8,9]. A decade after the outbreak of H2N2, due to genetic reassortment, H3N2 virus evolved in 1968, leading to the Hong Kong flu pandemic.…”

Section: The Landscape Of Pandemics Since the 20 Th Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of the Spanish Flu 1918 and COVID-19 Pandemics

Agrawal¹,

Gindodiya²,

Deo³

et al. 2021

TOPHJ

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Two devastating pandemics, the Spanish Flu and COVID-19, emerged globally in 1918 from America and 2019 from China, respectively. Influenza virus A H1N1, which caused Spanish Flu and SARS-CoV2, which caused COVID-19, belong to different virus family and bear different structure, genomic organization and pathogenicity. However, the trajectory of the current outbreak of COVID-19 depicts a similar picture of the Spanish Flu outbreak. Estimates suggest that ~500 million infected cases and ~50 million deaths occurred globally from 1918-1919 due to the H1N1 virus. While SARS-CoV2 accounted for ~2 million cases and 130,885 deaths just within three and a half months, and the number is still increasing. To contain the spread of COVID-19 and to prevent the situation which happened a century back, it becomes essential to examine and correlate these pandemics in terms of their origin, epidemiology and clinical scenario. The strategies tailored to control the Spanish Flu pandemic may help to contain the current pandemic within time.

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“…This virus was found to be a subtype of the H2N2 influenza A virus, as an effect of the combination of the human and avian influenza viruses. The Hong Kong flu was caused by subtype H3N2, resulting from notable genetic reassortment that allowed to infect birds and mammals; it was the primary reason for over one million confirmed deaths worldwide [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. During the reign of various pandemics, many attempts were undertaken in order to improve the treatment and prevent the outbreak of diseases.…”

Section: Historical Overview Of Pandemicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2: Outline, Prevention, and Decontamination

et al. 2021

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The new coronavirus began to spread around the world in late 2019. Initially, it was found only in China, but in the following days there were reported cases of infections in other countries. Subsequently, based on taxonomy, phylogeny, and accepted practice, the virus was officially designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As a result of the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in different countries around the world, on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a status change in the disease caused by this coronavirus—from an epidemic to a pandemic disease. Although the world is taking unprecedented efforts to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the number of confirmed cases is rising. Therefore, effective preventive measures are needed in order to limit the spread of illness. The prevention measures are mainly based on information on the virus transmission routes, its environmental stability, and persistence on commonly touched surfaces. Social distancing, mask usage, and good hygiene practice are the most important recommendations for general public. Healthcare professionals who are directly involved in SARS-CoV-2 patients care are more exposed to virus infection and additional protection measures are necessary, including protective suits, aprons, face shields, goggles, and gloves. Due to the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on different surfaces, such as glass, paper, or wood, proper disinfection is crucial. Several studies have shown that despite the virus’s stability, it is sensitive to various disinfectants, such as ethanol, isopropanol, sodium hypochlorite, or hydrogen peroxide. These findings underline the importance of having comprehensive knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 and multidirectional strategies in order to limit the spread of the virus. This review is a summary of the most important information about SARS-CoV-2, such as its stability on different surfaces, protection strategies, and decontamination options.

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Revisiting the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics

Abstract: British navy sailors in bed because of influenza in a warehouse near Ipswich, UK, which was transformed into an infirmary for 850 sailors, Sept 19, 1957 Bridgeman Images

Cited by 85 publications

References 1 publication

Winter is coming: age and early psychological concomitants of the Covid-19 pandemic in England

Winter is coming: age and early psychological concomitants of the Covid-19 pandemic in England

A Comparative Analysis of the Spanish Flu 1918 and COVID-19 Pandemics

SARS-CoV-2: Outline, Prevention, and Decontamination

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