Revisiting the 1970 smallpox outbreak in Meschede, Germany: Lessons for a post-COVID world

Tewogbola, Promise; Aung, Norah

doi:10.5055/jem.0617

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Smallpox was a disease with very high mortality, which fortunately was eradicated in 1980 thanks to vaccination and the fact that its reservoir was only human [18,19]. Smallpox lesions have already been identified in Egyptian mummies from 300 BC, and it has subsequently affected humanity periodically through large epidemic outbreaks [20][21][22]. Recent studies have sequenced complete smallpox virus genomes in human remains from the Viking era (9th-12th centuries), a Lithuanian mummy (18th century) and specimens from a 19th century Czech museum [23].…”

Section: What Did Smallpox Mean In the History Of Mankind?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the crust formation phase, these may remain adhered to the skin for a long time and their fall will leave a scar. Smallpox was, for centuries, one of the first causes of blindness in mankind and its mortality has ranged from 10-75%, It is estimated that in the 20th century approximately 300 million people worldwide still died from smallpox before its eradication [20][21][22][24][25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monkeypox in humans: a new outbreak

Martín-Delgado¹,

Sánchez²,

Martínez-Sellés³

et al. 2022

Rev Esp Quimioter

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Infection caused by Monkeypox Virus (MPVX) has small rodents as its natural reservoir and both monkeys and humans are occasional hosts. The causative agent is an Orthopoxvirus (MPVX) that was isolated in monkeys in 1958 and proved capable of passing to humans in 1970. It remained contained in Africa, causing isolated episodes of infection, until 2003 when an outbreak occurred in the United States following importation of animals from that continent. Since then, anecdotal cases have continued to be reported outside Africa, usually very clearly linked to travelers to those countries, but in May 2022, a broad outbreak of this disease has begun, now affecting several continents, with the emergence of human cases of MPVX (H-MPVX) infection mainly among Men that have Sex with Men (MSM). The disease has an incubation time ranging from 5 to 15 days and is characterized by the presence of pustules, fever, malaise and headache. The presence of significant regional lymphadenopathy is a differential feature with episodes of classical smallpox. Proctitis and pharyngitis, with minimal skin lesions, may be another form of presentation. Diagnosis can be confirmed by PCR testing of lesions or by demonstration of MPVX in other body fluids or tissues, although in the appropriate epidemiologic setting the clinical picture is highly suggestive of the disease. Effective drug treatment has been developed as part of programs to protect against potential bioterrorist agents and smallpox vaccinees are known to have high protection against monkeypox. New vaccines are available, but neither the drugs nor the vaccines are yet freely available on the market. The prognosis of the disease appears, at least in adults in developed countries, to be good, with very low mortality figures and much less aggressive behavior than that described in classical smallpox. Isolation measures, essential for the control of the outbreak, have been published by the health authorities.

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Section: What Did Smallpox Mean In the History Of Mankind?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monkeypox in humans: a new outbreak

Martín-Delgado¹,

Sánchez²,

Martínez-Sellés³

et al. 2022

Rev Esp Quimioter

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“…One possible explanation is the high recovery rate of COVID-19 cases. Unlike HIV and other debilitating viral diseases, there are numerous cases of people getting infected with COVID-19 and later recovering (Tewogbola & Aung, 2021). According to the Worldometer Coronavirus Dashboard (2022), up to 99% of infected individuals recover.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WEIRD or not: A Cross-Cultural Behavioral Economic Assessment of Demand for HIV and COVID-19 Vaccines

Tewogbola¹,

Jacobs²,

McDaniel³

2023

Preprint

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Background: Despite empirical evidence supporting vaccine effectiveness, vaccine hesitancy continues to thrive. Demand as a behavioral economic process provides useful indices for evaluating vaccine acceptance likelihood in individuals and groups. Using this framework, our study investigates the dynamics governing vaccine acceptance in two culturally dissimilar countries. Methods: Hypothetical purchase tasks (HPTs) assessed how Nigerian and US participants varied vaccine acceptance as a function of hospitalization risks due to vaccination (N = 109). Aggregate and individual demand indices (Q0 and Pmax) were computed with nonlinear regressions. Secondary analyses were conducted using repeated measures ANOVAs with vaccine type (COVID-19 and HIV) as the within-subject factor; country, age, and socioeconomic status as between-subjects factors; demand indices served as dependent variables. Results: Demand indices varied significantly as a function of vaccine type (F(1, 57) = 17.609, p < .001, ηp2 = .236). Demand for HIV vaccines was higher relative to COVID-19 vaccines. Interactions between vaccine type and country of origin (F(1, 56) = 4.001, p = .05, ηp2 = .067) were also significant with demand for HIV vaccines among Nigerian respondents higher than that of COVID-19 vaccines. This was reversed for US participants. Interactions between vaccine type, country of origin and age were also significant (F(2, 51) = 3.506, p < .05, ηp2 = .121). Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that vaccine type can influence demand. The relationship between demand and vaccine type also varies as a function of country of origin and age. Significance, limitations, and future directions are also discussed.

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All That We Need to Know About the Current and Past Outbreaks of Monkeypox: A Narrative Review

Singh¹,

Kumar²,

Singh³

2022

Cureus

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Monkeypox is a rare, zoonotic viral illness that was initially endemic mainly to Africa. The virus later spread to non-African countries and, in 2022, it exploded on a global scale, with an unprecedented number of cases. The rapid, multi-country transmission, primarily in men who have sex with men (MSM), and evolving clinical manifestations and demographic traits of the current outbreak have raised serious concerns among the international health community. An in-depth inquiry into the past and present outbreaks are required, especially when contrasting features are witnessed across countries and outbreaks. This narrative review aims to summarize the evolution in the epidemiology, clinical features, mode of transmission, and management protocol of human monkeypox infection (H-MPVX) over the decades. For a detailed characterization of the novelties associated with the current outbreak that would facilitate the accurate dissemination of information and policy-making, we performed a thorough literature search for MPVX infection on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, using appropriate keywords to choose relevant articles.

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Revisiting the 1970 smallpox outbreak in Meschede, Germany: Lessons for a post-COVID world

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Monkeypox in humans: a new outbreak

Monkeypox in humans: a new outbreak

WEIRD or not: A Cross-Cultural Behavioral Economic Assessment of Demand for HIV and COVID-19 Vaccines

All That We Need to Know About the Current and Past Outbreaks of Monkeypox: A Narrative Review

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