Revisiting the Immune Trypanolysis Test to Optimise Epidemiological Surveillance and Control of Sleeping Sickness in West Africa

Jamonneau, Vincent; Bucheton, Bruno; Kaboré, Jacques; Ilboudo, Hamidou; Camara, Oumou; Courtin, Fabrice; Solano, Philippe; Kaba, Dramane; R, Kambire; Kouakou, Lingué; Camara, Mamadou; Baelmans, R.; Lejon, Veerle; Büscher, Philippe

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000917

Cited by 80 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The trypanolysis test may provide one way to achieve 100% specificity, although the test currently requires samples to be sent away for analysis, meaning that it has primarily been used during field trials rather than as standard procedure [40]. Improved specificity explains how other regions with active detection campaigns can report no cases [1].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the Impact of Intervention Strategies for Sleeping Sickness in Two High-Endemicity Health Zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo

et al. 2017

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Two goals have been set for Gambian human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), the first is to achieve elimination as a public health problem in 90% of foci by 2020, and the second is to achieve zero transmission globally by 2030. It remains unclear if certain HAT hotspots could achieve elimination as a public health problem by 2020 and, of greater concern, it appears that current interventions to control HAT in these areas may not be sufficient to achieve zero transmission by 2030. A mathematical model of disease dynamics was used to assess the potential impact of changing the intervention strategy in two high-endemicity health zones of Kwilu province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Six key strategies and twelve variations were considered which covered a range of recruitment strategies for screening and vector control. It was found that effectiveness of HAT screening could be improved by increasing effort to recruit high-risk groups for screening. Furthermore, seven proposed strategies which included vector control were predicted to be sufficient to achieve an incidence of less than 1 reported case per 10,000 people by 2020 in the study region. All vector control strategies simulated reduced transmission enough to meet the 2030 goal, even if vector control was only moderately effective (60% tsetse population reduction). At this level of control the full elimination threshold was expected to be met within six years following the start of the change in strategy and over 6000 additional cases would be averted between 2017 and 2030 compared to current screening alone. It is recommended that a two-pronged strategy including both enhanced active screening and tsetse control is implemented in this region and in other persistent HAT foci to ensure the success of the control programme and meet the 2030 elimination goal for HAT.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the Impact of Intervention Strategies for Sleeping Sickness in Two High-Endemicity Health Zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo

et al. 2017

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“…Asymptomatic individuals infected with trypanosomes who refused treatment and were followed-up for long periods (5–15 years) without showing any clinical manifestation of the disease have been described 59. These individuals can become aparasitemic by microscopy, while keeping a polymerase chain reaction intermittently positive and a trypanolysis test positive 60. They could be asymptomatic chronic carriers of the infection, and a source of vector infection that maintains the transmission of gambiense HAT in some cases 61.…”

Section: Transmission Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis

Franco¹,

Simarro²,

Diarra³

et al. 2014

CLEP

262

230

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Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is a chronic form of the disease present in western and central Africa, and by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which is an acute disease located in eastern and southern Africa. The rhodesiense form is a zoonosis, with the occasional infection of humans, but in the gambiense form, the human being is regarded as the main reservoir that plays a key role in the transmission cycle of the disease. The gambiense form currently assumes that 98% of the cases are declared; the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most affected country, with more than 75% of the gambiense cases declared. The epidemiology of the disease is mediated by the interaction of the parasite (trypanosome) with the vectors (tsetse flies), as well as with the human and animal hosts within a particular environment. Related to these interactions, the disease is confined in spatially limited areas called “foci”, which are located in Sub-Saharan Africa, mainly in remote rural areas. The risk of contracting HAT is, therefore, determined by the possibility of contact of a human being with an infected tsetse fly. Epidemics of HAT were described at the beginning of the 20th century; intensive activities have been set up to confront the disease, and it was under control in the 1960s, with fewer than 5,000 cases reported in the whole continent. The disease resurged at the end of the 1990s, but renewed efforts from endemic countries, cooperation agencies, and nongovernmental organizations led by the World Health Organization succeeded to raise awareness and resources, while reinforcing national programs, reversing the trend of the cases reported, and bringing the disease under control again. In this context, sustainable elimination of the gambiense HAT, defined as the interruption of the transmission of the disease, was considered as a feasible target for 2030. Since rhodesiense HAT is a zoonosis, where the animal reservoir plays a key role, the interruption of the disease’s transmission is not deemed feasible.

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“…All individuals were randomly selected adults. All samples were collected within the framework of medical surveys conducted by the national control programmes (NCP) in Guinea and Burkina Faso for routine screening of human African trypanosomiasis [36]. Informed written consent was provided by all participants before blood withdrawal and the study protocols were reviewed and approved by the Institut de …”

Section: Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

HLA-E coding and 3′ untranslated region variability determined by next-generation sequencing in two West-African population samples

et al. 2015

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Revisiting the Immune Trypanolysis Test to Optimise Epidemiological Surveillance and Control of Sleeping Sickness in West Africa

Cited by 80 publications

References 26 publications

Predicting the Impact of Intervention Strategies for Sleeping Sickness in Two High-Endemicity Health Zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Predicting the Impact of Intervention Strategies for Sleeping Sickness in Two High-Endemicity Health Zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo

Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis

HLA-E coding and 3′ untranslated region variability determined by next-generation sequencing in two West-African population samples

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