Revisiting the mechanisms of ACE inhibitory peptides from food proteins

Purification and characterization of antioxidant peptides from cooked eggs using a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model in vascular smooth muscle A7r5 cells

“…1, the whole egg digests significantly reduced the superoxide level in VSMCs, confirming egg as a potential antioxidant commodity. 20,27,28 Among the three fractions, F1 showed a significant higher antioxidant activity (p < 0.05) at 2.5 mg/mL compared to the untreated (Fig. 1).…”

Preparation, Bioavailability, and Mechanism of Emerging Activities of Ile‐Pro‐Pro and Val‐Pro‐Pro

“…IPP was reported to enhance the production of Ang (1‐7) and bradykinin to exert vasorelaxation activity possibly via elevated expression of ACE2 in the vessels of aged rats (Ehlers et al., ; Majumder & Wu ). Improved Ang (1‐7)‐induced relaxation of aortas may indirectly mediate the action of IPP through Mas receptor (Siltari et al., ; Wu et al., ), whereas improved bradykinin induced relaxation by IPP may be not via the classic bradykinin receptor type 1 (BR1)/BR2 pathway (Siltari et al., ). It was evident that bradykinin effect of IPP may be partially mediated via decreased prostaglandin synthesis, as vasoconstriction activity in old SHRs was blocked by cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition (Siltari et al., ).…”

“…Endothelial cells, locating in the inner surface of blood vessels, play a critical role in preventing lymphocyte migration to the subendothelial layer through a barrier function (Wu et al., ). The downregulation of pro‐inflammatory mediators, such as hedgehog, chemokine, and leukocyte transendothelial migration by IPP and/or VPP, as well as nuclear factor kappa B subunit (NF‐κB) and extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 pathways were other factors protecting vascular function in SHR (Chakrabarti, Liao, Davidge, & Wu, ; Ehlers et al., ; Yamaguchi, Kawaguchi, & Yamamoto, ).…”

“…Abbreviations: Ang, angiotensin; AT1R, Ang II type 1 receptor; AT2R, Ang II type 2 receptor; IRS, IR substrate; MAPKKK, MAPK kinase kinase; MAS1, mas G-protein coupled receptor; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKB/AKT, protein kinase B; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor α receptor. This figure was based on Majumder et al (2016) and Wu et al (2017). pathway may contribute to the bone-protection role for IPP/VPP . Overproduction of RANKL has been associated with a wide range of bone diseases (Inubushi et al, 2012); OPG, on the other hand, could prevent RANKL binding to RANK through acting as a decoy receptor of RANKL.…”

“…Ile‐Pro‐Pro (IPP) and Val‐Pro‐Pro (VPP) are two most well‐known food‐derived bioactive peptides, initially identified as inhibitors of angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE), from a sample of Japanese sour milk, fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Nakamura, Yamamoto, Sakai, & Takano, ; Nakamura, Yamamoto, Sakai, Okubo et al., ). ACE is a key enzyme responsible for blood pressure regulation and is also a target enzyme for developing antihypertensive drugs (Wu, Liao, & Udenigwe, ); the IC 50 value (the concentration of an inhibitor that can reduce the activity of an enzyme by 50%) of IPP and VPP was 5 and 9 µM, respectively (Nakamura, Yamamoto, Sakai, Okubo et al., ), higher than that of Captopril (a medicine to treat hypertension) with a reported IC 50 value of 0.007 µM (Pihlanto‐Leppala, Rokka, & Korhonen, ). These two peptides were further shown to reduce blood pressure in animals and in clinical studies (Cicero et al., ; Siltari, Roivanen, Korpela, & Vapaatalo, ).…”