“…The idea of relating interest rate volatility to the yield curve is not new. Brown and Schaefer (1994), Christiansen and Lund (2005), Joslin (2010), , and Phoa (1997) relate the volatility to the curvature, or convexity, of the yield curve. Time series studies using long historical data on US interest rates find a relation between the volatility and the level of a particular yield, especially the short-term rate, such that high volatility is accompanied by high level (see, e.g., Chan et al 1992;Andersen and Lund 1997a;Gallant and Tauchen 1998;Ball and Torous 1999;Durham 2003).…”