Revisiting the Vertebral Venous Plexus–A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Carpenter, Kennedy; Decater, Tess; Iwanaga, Joe; Maulucci, Christopher M.; Bui, Cuong J.; Dumont, Aaron S.; Tubbs, R. Shane

doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.10.004

Cited by 42 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 171 publications

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“…Typically, the venous vertebral plexus (Batson's plexus) is the probable route for BC metastasis through the veins [17] . This plexus extends from the skull to the scrum without any valves, thereby providing an unrestricted channel for the transport of the metastatic emboli into the ribs, the distant organs, and the vertebral bones [18] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infiltrating Ductal Breast Carcinoma Metastasized to the Rectum: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

Ban

Yang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BACKGROUND:Gastrointestinal (GI) metastasis in breast cancer (BC) is uncommon, although in the rare cases when it occurs, infiltrating lobular carcinoma is the most commonly reported pathological subtype. Nonetheless, gastrointestinal metastasis from infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma is extremely rare and usually occurs several years after the appearance of the primary tumor. The present study was, to the best of our knowledge, the first one to present a case of distal rectum metastasis originating from infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma. CASE PRESENTATION:The present report discusses the case of a Chinese female patient aged 37 years. The patient presented with diarrhea along with bloody stools and anal bearing-down pain. Earlier in 2015, she had undergone axillary lymph node dissection (LND) and right modified radical mastectomy in another hospital to treat the infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma pT1N1M0. The presented symptoms were investigated by performing colonoscopy, which indicated lower rectal swelling at 3 cm on the top of the anal verge. Further investigation with positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) revealed an uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) within the distal rectum as well as in the left acetabulum. The samples from laparoscopic exploration were biopsied, which revealed metastases of breast cancer. Therefore, the patient was intraoperatively diagnosed with the rectal metastasis of BC and was treated with laparoscopic radical abdominoperineal resection. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor confirmed that the patient had the rectal metastasis of infiltrating ductal BC. CONCLUSION:Rectal metastasis should be considered when breast cancer patients present with a complaint of changed bowel habits, even for those with a history of ductal breast cancer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infiltrating Ductal Breast Carcinoma Metastasized to the Rectum: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

Ban

Yang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…The vertebral venous system is subdivided into 3 components: the internal vertebral venous plexus (IVVP), the external vertebral venous plexus (EVVP), and the basivertebral veins (Fig 1) [11]. The IVVP is an interconnected network of venous channels that lies within the epidural space of the spinal canal.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vertebral venous plexus is an extensive valveless network of epidural veins that surround the thecal sac and the spinal nerve roots and helps dampen fluctuations in CSF pressure during normal physiologic processes, such as change in posture or during coughing, sneezing, or Valsalva maneuver [11]. Numerous animal studies have suggested that this venous network contributes to reabsorption of CSF via spinal arachnoid granulations [16,17].…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

CSF–Venous Fistulas: Anatomy and Diagnostic Imaging

Kranz

Gray

Malinzak

et al. 2021

American Journal of Roentgenology

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The publication of this Accepted Manuscript is provided to give early visibility to the contents of the article, which will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting, and review before it is published in its final form. During the production process, errors may be discovered that could affect the content of the Accepted Manuscript. All legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. The reader is cautioned to consult the definitive version of record before relying on the contents of this document.

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“…Veins of the plexus were characterized as valveless plexiform ramifications which infiltrates spinal bone structures and located in epidural space, within and extern of the vertebral bodies [ 51 , 52 ]. Located along the spine, these veins receive blood from cervical, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic regions [ 53 ]. Due to this characteristics and localization, intermittent reversal flow of blood can arise facilitating metastatic spread to spine [ 51 , 53 ].…”

Section: Spine Organotropismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Located along the spine, these veins receive blood from cervical, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic regions [ 53 ]. Due to this characteristics and localization, intermittent reversal flow of blood can arise facilitating metastatic spread to spine [ 51 , 53 ]. However, Yuh et al could not find different dissemination patterns among the venous (central Batson plexus) and the arterial (peripheral endplates) system within the vertebral body [ 54 ].…”

Section: Spine Organotropismmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Target Spinal Metastasis in Experimental Research: An Overview of Currently Used Experimental Mouse Models and Future Prospects

Jelgersma

Vajkoczy

2021

IJMS

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The spine is one of the organs that is most affected by metastasis in cancer patients. Since the control of primary tumor is continuously improving, treatment of metastases is becoming one of the major challenges to prevent cancer-related death. Due to the anatomical proximity to the spinal cord, local spread of metastasis can directly cause neurological deficits, severely limiting the patient’s quality of life. To investigate the underlying mechanisms and to develop new therapies, preclinical models are required which represent the complexity of the multistep cascade of metastasis. Current research of metastasis focuses on the formation of the premetastatic niche, tumor cell dormancy and the influence and regulating function of the immune system. To unveil whether these influence the organotropism to the spine, spinal models are irreplaceable. Mouse models are one of the most suitable models in oncologic research. Therefore, this review provides an overview of currently used mouse models of spinal metastasis. Furthermore, it discusses technical aspects clarifying to what extend these models can picture key steps of the metastatic process. Finally, it addresses proposals to develop better mouse models in the future and could serve as both basis and stimulus for researchers and clinicians working in this field.

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Revisiting the Vertebral Venous Plexus–A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Cited by 42 publications

References 171 publications

Infiltrating Ductal Breast Carcinoma Metastasized to the Rectum: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

Infiltrating Ductal Breast Carcinoma Metastasized to the Rectum: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

CSF–Venous Fistulas: Anatomy and Diagnostic Imaging

How to Target Spinal Metastasis in Experimental Research: An Overview of Currently Used Experimental Mouse Models and Future Prospects

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