“…Coalescence-based summary trees of all gene trees differed from the supermatrix-based trees in suggesting Bolboceratidae +Geotrupidae being the sister group of Glaresidae, Lucanidae, and Trogidae. However, some the coalescence-based summary trees inferred from exclusively slowly evolving genes showed the same topology as the concatenation-based trees.The two subgroups of Scarabaeidae, Aphodiinae + Scarabaeinae, and Pleurosticti were always strongly supported as being monophyletic, as were the two subfamilies, Aphodiinae and Scarabaeinae.Within Pleurosticti, Orphnus MacLeay (Orphninae) was consistently found as sister group of the remaining pleurostict scarabaeid lineages, that were divided into two major clades: the first clade comprised (1) Sericoidinae-Australasian and Neotropical taxa referred to by some authors as Southern World Melolonthinae(Ahrens et al, 2011(Ahrens et al, , 2014Ahrens & Vogler, 2008;Šípek et al, 2016) or Liparetrinae(Eberle et al, 2019;Lacroix, 2007Lacroix, , 2014Pacheco et al, 2022)-and (2) Ablaberini + Sericini + the Australian genus Diphucephala (i.e., Diphucephalini), which represented the sister group of the two former tribes. The second clade comprised Pachypus Dejean (Pachypodini) and three major lineages, in which Pachypus was found to be sister group of the latter.…”