Reviving land and restoring landscapes: policy convergence between forest landscape restoration and land degradation neutrality

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Landscape Restoration: A Stocktake

“…There are nine steps for conducting an economic cost-benefit analysis for landscape restoration as outlined by Reference [21]: (1) Specify the set of restoration transitions: Define which degraded land uses will be restored and the activities that will be used to restore them, (2) Define the stakeholders who will be impacted by restoration, (3) Catalogue the impacts and define how they will be measured: Which impacts matter most to the stakeholders, who will be impacted by restoration and what units of measurement are most useful for measuring them? (4) Predict the impacts quantitatively over the time horizon of the project: Use ecosystem service models, household surveys, stakeholder engagement, and other estimation methods to quantify the expected impacts of restoration activities, (5) Monetize all of the impacts: Use appropriate direct and indirect methods to value the estimated impacts, (6) Discount benefits and costs to obtain present values: Select appropriate discount rates to make streams of future benefits and costs comparable at the present moment, (7) Calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of each alternative: Subtract the discounted stream of implementation, transaction, and opportunity costs from the discounted stream of benefits as shown in the equation.…”

“…During this phase, it may involve policy reforms, implementation of the restoration of degraded lands, educational activities, land-use zoning and strengthening of capacities. (3) Phase 3 focuses on sustained financing for landscape ecosystem services and product services, for self-sustaining funding of the project's long-term running costs [5,18].…”

An Exploratory Study of Cost-Benefit Analysis of Landscape Restoration

“…In this, public investments are largely made to generate economic, environmental and social benefits for the public. However, there may be a return to the government; 3) Philanthropic finance, which is charitable giving by individuals or organizations, typically with no intention of earning a financial return (Gichuki et al, 2019). Regardless of the source of funding, it is important to prioritize restoration needs.…”

“…This phase involves policy reforms, implementation of the restoration of degraded lands, educational activities, land-use zoning and strengthening of capacities. 3) Phase 3 focuses on sustained financing for landscape ecosystem services and product services for self-sustaining funding of the project's long-term running costs (FAO and UNCCD, 2015;Gichuki et al, 2019) Restoration costs can thus be categorized into:…”

How Much Agroforestry Is Needed to Achieve Multifunctional Landscapes at the Forest Frontier?—Coupling Expert Opinion with Robust Goal Programming

“…Agroforestry systems, together with assisted natural reforestation and afforestation are among the forest landscape restoration (FLR) approaches [8]. FLR represents a landscape management strategy which aims to reconcile ecological and socio-economic objectives by restoring degraded agricultural and deforested lands [8][9][10][11][12]. By creating landscapes made up of Sustainability 2020, 12, 6077 2 of 26 diverse and complementary land-use types, the objective of FLR is to restore ecological integrity and benefit human well-being [6].…”