Revolutionary impact of nanovaccines on immunotherapy

Abstract

Over the past few decades, public health has been immensely improved by preventing various types of diseases using vaccination, a method implying attenuated, killed or part of a microorganism to activate the immune system against it. Recently, nanovaccines have attracted a lot of attention as a new approach for enhancing the immune responses against immunogenic molecules. A wide variety 2 of nanomaterials are reported as proper candidates for nano-vaccination. Currently, the focus of nanovaccines researches are developing new formulations that trigger strong anti-cancer responses by presenting tumor antigens either directly to T immune cells or indirectly to antigen-presenting cells, holding great promise for safe, non-invasive, and cost-effective therapy of cancer. This review focuses on the critical aspects in the design of biomaterial based nanovaccines and reviews the state of the art of the formulations in clinical development and those currently marketed. Focal points:• BedsideUnderstanding the complex potential of the immune system to prevent and treat various diseases such as cancer, will contribute to the scientific advance in the development of new therapeutic strategies and will allow for the discovery of alternative treatments for deadly diseases. • BenchsideMany of the immunostimulative pathways involved in the suppression of cancer tumor growth have been identified and additional research is still needed to recognize the molecular mechanisms of the immunotherapeutic strategies. • IndustryThe discovery of new non-toxic immunotherapeutic compounds may pave the way towards developing new cancer tumor therapeutic approaches. A major effort in the identification of preventing approaches is also needed to develop preventive nanoformulations for healthy people who are at the risk of cancer. • CommunityThe treatment of cancer by cheap, efficient and as less invasive as possible methodologies will have a great impact on the quality of life of the patients. • GovernmentsSince the development of anticancer nanoformulations needs extensive support from the authorities for success in clinical translation, the financial investments of the governments is necessary to translate the research in the lab to the bedside. The governmental support can also increase the years of healthy life of the patients and minimize the associated costs overtime.

Nanostrategies to Develop Current Antiviral Vaccines

“…These problems can be solved with the best choice of the type of nanoparticle and/or adjuvant. In the case of large-scale production, the use of new methodologies, such as spray drying, will be useful. , …”

“…In the case of large-scale production, the use of new methodologies, such as spray drying, will be useful. 118,119 In summary, nanovaccines have demonstrated stabilization at ambient temperature, assisted in the controlled/specific release at a particular location and improved cellular or humoral immune responses. Furthermore, nanoscale particle size promotes uptake via phagocytic routes, leading to efficient antigen processing and recognition.…”

Nanovaccine: A novel approach in immunization

“…Nanoparticle systems are used in some cases to improve the solubility of hydrophobic compounds in the solution to make them suitable for parenteral administration. They maintain the integrity of antigens against degradation, stabilize a large number of therapeutic agents such as peptides, proteins, or nucleic acids and reduce doses used to vaccine (Shahbazi & Santos, 2015;Stammers, Erden, & Hunt, 2013). In addition, several advantages can be considered for particle systems in mucosal immunity, for example, antigens protection against gastric-intestinal (enzymatic-acidic) degradation.…”

“…Scale-up process of nanopolymers is one of the other difficulties for nanovaccine construction in sterile conditions. However, with the advent of new techniques such as scaled-up methodology for spray drying, some obstacles of scale-up is eliminated but still one of the most important challenges facing the nanovaccines is the processes of scale-up in a sterile condition (Huntimer et al, 2014;Shahbazi & Santos, 2015).…”

Biodegradable polymers for modern vaccine development

“…Micron-sized PLGA particles can efficiently stimulate humoral (Th2) responses, whereas nano-sized particles (<1000 nm) promote cellular (Th1) responses [54,55]. Thus, surface modification and target functionalization can enhance the immunogenic properties of PLGA biopolymer-based nano-/microparticles, allowing more rapid clinical translation [3,56,57] In addition, PLGA nanoparticles have been used as major core materials in the development of biomimetic nanovaccine platforms [19]. This new generation of biomimetic nano vaccines (BMNVs) prepared using cell membrane coating technology, in which whole cancer cell membranes (CCM) or CCM-derived vesicles can be used as a cell mimicking source [58].…”