In recent years, crowdsourcing, an alternative data acquisition approach that involves the collection of data from individual citizens through the internet, social media, and smartphones, has been increasingly investigated, especially in the field of geophysics (Ebert et al., 2018;Wu & Wang, 2019). Compared to traditional geophysical data collection approaches (which largely rely on expensive professional instruments; de Vos, Droste, et al., 2019), the crowdsourced approach uses human judgments or the low-cost sensors of common citizens as its data source (Zhang et al., 2021). It thus offers a way of obtaining massive data cost-effectively. In some developing countries, crowdsourcing can even be a major source of geophysical data (Pingali, 2017).The crowdsourcing approach has been demonstrated to increase the spatial and temporal representativeness of geophysical observation networks and has been applied in a broad range of areas, for example, climate research (Meier et al., 2017), air quality (Schneider et al., 2017), ecology (Hunt et al., 2017, geography (Fan et al., 2016), and especially rainfall. Especially, in the past two decades, the number of personal weather stations (PWSs) in the US has grown exponentially from nearly 2,000 in 2001 to almost 100,000 in 2019 (Chen et al., 2019), significantly outnumbering the 9,300 professional rain gauges operated or managed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA; Durre et al., 2013). In recent years, crowdsource-based rainfall monitoring has become even more attractive (Haklay, 2013) because of the continuous developments in information extraction from smartphones (Guo et al., 2019), low-cost sensors (e.g., surveillance cameras; Jiang et al., 2019), microwave links (Overeem et al., 2016), and moving cars (Rabiei et al., 2016). The utilization of crowdsourced precipitation data has provided an essential supplement to traditional measurements based on ground gauges and radars (