Reward Deficiency Syndrome Solution Focused Brief Therapy to Begin Integrating the Sciences of Addiction &amp; Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)

Gilley, Elizabeth

doi:10.17756/jrdsas.2019-042

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…We have the resources to stop addiction before it begins. The future is now (Blum, Steinberg, Gondre-Lewis, Baron Gilley, 2019) therapies are appropriate, and prescribed as part of the RDS treatment plan protocol (Gilley, 2018e).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brief Intervention (RDS-SFBI) administers bio-neuro-psychological therapy which assists the client in achieving dopamine homeostasis (Gilley, 2019). Since RDS effects the individual over the entire lifespan, it should be treated as a front-line modality (Blum, Raza, Schultz, Jalali, Green, Brewer, et al 2021), by primary physicians, and teams of RDS specialists (Gilley, Bowirrat, Gupta, Giordano, Dennen, Braverman, Badgaiyan, McLaughin, .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stopping Addiction Before It Begins: The Future is now

Gilley¹

2022

JAAR

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Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) (Blum et al, 2014; Blum, Badgaiyan, Agan, Frantantonio, Simpatico, et al. 2015; Blum, Baron, Lott, Ponce, Siwicki, et al. 2019) screens for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) predisposition risk, for polymorphic variance within eleven alleles of the ten most common genes, in mental disorder. The RDS paradigm shift is concerned with treating the underlying neurogenetic and epigenetic challenges of dopaminergic dysfunction, as well as dysfunction in other neurotransmitter channels (Blum, Baron, McLaughlin, & Gold, 2020). Cutting edge psychiatric genomics recognizes that RDS is one preexisting causal influence for addiction (Tsermpini, Adla, & Patrinos, 2022). Consideration of preexisting neurogenetic challenges which affect low dopamine availability or epigenetic insults are not addressed in traditional old school, Minnesota Model twelve steps treatment modalities (Gilley, 2020), nor it is addressed in the current DSM 5th Edition (APA, 2013) (Gondre-Lewis, Bassey, & Blum, 2020). Scientists in the know are hopeful that RDS will be included in the next edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, as exponential increases in research studies from interactive sciences such as psychology, neurology, genetics and epigenetics have greatly enlarged perspective (Mancheno, Navas-Leon, Fernandez-Calderon, Gutierrez, Sanchez-Garcia, et al 2021). Sometimes progress is slow in funneling progressive cutting-edge applications from the research world into the practitioner world (CASA Columbia, 2012). Unfortunately, it is the patients who suffer, as the opioid overdose deaths of more than 100,000 this year alone, attest (Gupta, Bowirrat, Llanos Gomez, Baron, Elman, Giordano, et al 2022; Blum, Fried, Madigan, Giordano, Modestino, Steinbergy, et al 2017; Moran, Blum, Valdez Ponce, Lott, Gondre-Lewis, Badgaiyan, 2021). Not only have there been advancements in treatment models, from the Minnesota Model of the 1950’s, the Harm Reduction Model of the 1980’s (Paquette, Daughters, & Witkiewitz, 2022) and the Neurodevelopmental Model of addiction of the 2000’s (Leyton, 2012, 2014), there have been advancements in unifying theory. The evolution of the history of addiction recovery treatment would never be complete without mentioning the foundational dopamine depletion hypothesis (Dackis, & Gold, 1985; Diani, 2011; Volkow, Fowler, & Wang, 2002), which led to way to the current leading theory of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, which includes consideration of genetic (Dick, & Agrawal, 2008; Uhl, Liu, Walter, Hess, & Naiman, 2002) and epigenetic causal influences (Edwards, Roy, Boyett, Badgaiyan, Thanos, Baron, et al 2020; Vaillancourt, Ernst, Mash, & Turecki, 2017). RDS unifies all addictions, both substance and non-substance under a common rubric (Blum, Bowirrat, Braverman, Baron, Cadet, Kasmi, et al (2021). The Reward Deficiency Syndrome paradigm shift takes into consideration, underlying genetic, biological, physiological, and neurological mechanisms of the brain reward cascade (BRC). In this genomic era of addiction medicine, the new standard of excellence in addiction treatment begins genetic screening (Gilley, 2022 a, b, c). RDS treatment plans are built upon the foundational genetic and epigenetic causal influences (Gilley, 2021, b, c). RDS-Solution Focused Brief Intervention (RDS-SFBI) administers bio-neuro-psychological therapy which assists the client in achieving dopamine homeostasis (Gilley, 2019). Since RDS effects the individual over the entire lifespan, it should be treated as a front-line modality (Blum, Raza, Schultz, Jalali, Green, Brewer, et al 2021), by primary physicians, and teams of RDS specialists (Gilley, Bowirrat, Gupta, Giordano, Dennen, Braverman, Badgaiyan, McLaughin, Baron, & Blum, 2022).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stopping Addiction Before It Begins: The Future is now

Gilley¹

2022

JAAR

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“…Perhaps new expansive definitions of RDS related Anhedonia and Dysphoria, the resulting volatility and rage that comes with unending undercurrent of stress associated with Anhedonia, need to be developed for RDS psychoeducation of patients, along with Likert Scale measurements for self-report of Anhedonia and Dysphoria experience [6,23]. These may be useful in future development of RDS adapted cognitive behavioral therapy to help inform clients through self-awareness, for self-management techniques for the purpose of achieving dopamine homeostasis to combat relapse and facilitate wellbeing [11].…”

Section: Research Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over fifty years of addiction science and neuro-genetic research have identified a new phenotype for impulsive, compulsive, obsessive and addictive behavioral expression which is changing the recovery landscape by linking all addictions under a common rubric [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The science of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) offers hope for SUD and for all obsessive, compulsive, and addictive behavioral patterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconceptualizing Addiction: Integrating the Sciences of Addiction & Reward Deficiency Syndrome, Part 1

2020

JAR

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Analytic review of research study results from psychology, addiction science, and interactive sciences like neurology, genetics, and epigenetics, implore psychology, psychiatry and addiction recovery treatment fields to enlarge their perspective, by considering underlying causal influence. The appropriate time to re-conceptualize addiction for the practitioner world is now! Treatment protocol must expand beyond mitigation of the symptoms and address genetic, epigenetic and neurological causal influence. The science of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS), offers a new phenotype for addiction, providing a common rubric for all obsessive, compulsive, and addictive behavioral patterns, and contributes understanding of the psychiatric genetics and/or causal influence of dopaminergic dysfunction in other co-occurring mental disorders. In consideration and review of the body of scientific knowledge, to successfully bridge the gap between science and practice, an integration of the sciences of addiction, and Reward Deficiency Syndrome must be achieved [1].

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“…This finding suggests that pleasure is not a single structure, and in a depressed person, the lack of motivation for reward is primarily due to low levels of anticipation of pleasure rather than a decrease in interest. 6 , 7 Also the importance of studying the reward processes can be illustrated by the fact that in certain conditions, one reward function can be impaired while the others remain intact. For example, individuals with major depression disorder have similar hedonic responses to sweet solutions compared to controls, 8 but are less likely to engage in tasks requiring higher amounts of effort.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Activation Therapy on Reward Seeking Behaviors in Depressed People: An Experimental study

et al. 2020

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Introduction: Behavioral activation therapy (BAT) is designed to help individuals’ approach and access sources of positive reinforcement in their life, which can serve a natural antidepressant function and efforts to help depressed people reengage in their life through focused activation strategies. Methods: In this study, 60 individuals were selected and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received behavioral activation treatment, including eight treatment sessions and 5 weeks later, a follow-up study was conducted. The data were collected, using a Beck Depression Inventory-II and behavioral activation system (BIS)/ behavioral inhibition system (BAS) Carver and White questionnaires, before the intervention and after the intervention and five weeks after the intervention. SPSS 23 and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for data analysis. Results: Results showed a significant increase in the two components of the BAS including reward seeking and response to reward in the intervention group, which indicates an increase in positive affect and appetitive motivation for reward seeking and decreases the risk of depression. Also, the results showed a significant decrease in the BIS and depression in the intervention group, which indicates a decline in experiencing negative emotions. Conclusion: The implementation of BAT will cause depressed people to try to maximize future rewards and it’s effective in improving the reward seeking and reward response in depressed people because this treatment will increase the positive reinforcement and lead to learning cues that predict possible rewards in environments.

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Reward Deficiency Syndrome Solution Focused Brief Therapy to Begin Integrating the Sciences of Addiction & Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)

Cited by 4 publications

References 52 publications

Stopping Addiction Before It Begins: The Future is now

Stopping Addiction Before It Begins: The Future is now

Reconceptualizing Addiction: Integrating the Sciences of Addiction & Reward Deficiency Syndrome, Part 1

Behavioral Activation Therapy on Reward Seeking Behaviors in Depressed People: An Experimental study

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