Rewards interact with explicit knowledge to enhance skilled motor performance

Anderson, Sean P.; Adkins, Tyler J.; Gary, Bradley S.; Lee, Taraz G.

doi:10.1152/jn.00575.2019

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Instead, rewards simply modulated the flexible allocation of resources to different items within the display. The current results indicate that the effect of reward on visual working memory differs from the primarily facilitatory effect previously shown for motor processes or higher order decision processes (Adkins et al, 2021; Anderson et al, 2020; Boehler et al, 2012; Chiew & Braver, 2013, 2016; Hübner & Schlösser, 2010; Krebs et al, 2011; Manohar et al, 2015, 2018; Takikawa et al, 2002). Rather than providing a global boost to performance, any reward benefit for prioritized items came at the expense of deprioritized items.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

“…Monetary incentives increase both the speed and accuracy of movements, seemingly violating the speed-accuracy tradeoff predicted by optimal control theory (Adkins et al, 2021;Anderson et al, 2020;Manohar et al, 2015Manohar et al, , 2018Takikawa et al, 2002). Participants also benefit from rewards in the performance of cognitive control tasks, exhibiting both reduced reaction time and increased accuracy (Boehler et al, 2012;Chiew & Braver, 2013;Hübner & Schlösser, 2010;Krebs et al, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Reward influences the allocation but not the availability of resources in visual working memory.

Brissenden¹,

Adkins²,

Hsu³

et al. 2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Visual working memory possesses capacity constraints limiting the availability of resources for encoding and maintaining information. Studies have shown that prospective rewards improve performance on visual working memory tasks, but it remains unclear whether rewards increase total resource availability or simply influence the allocation of resources. Participants performed a continuous report visual working memory task with oriented grating stimuli. On each trial, participants were presented with a priority cue, which signaled the item most likely to be probed, and a reward cue, which signaled the magnitude of a performancecontingent reward. We showed that rewards decreased recall error for cued items and increased recall error for noncued items. This tradeoff was due to a change in the probability of successfully encoding a cued versus a noncued item rather than a change in recall precision or the probability of binding errors. Rewards did not modulate performance when priority cues were retroactively presented after the stimulus presentation period, indicating that rewards only affect resource allocation when participants are able to engage proactive control before encoding. Additionally, reward had no effect on visual working memory performance when priority cues were absent and thus unable to guide resource allocation. These findings indicate that rewards influence the flexible allocation of resources during selection and encoding in visual working memory, but do not augment total capacity.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward influences the allocation but not the availability of resources in visual working memory.

Brissenden¹,

Adkins²,

Hsu³

et al. 2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…In contrast, other studies suggested that reward alone boosts or accelerates learning speed in sequence learning paradigms ( Figure 2A ) and motor adaptation tasks ( Figure 2B ). Anderson et al showed that participants with monetary incentives have a higher learning rate in a discrete motor sequence task because the reward enhances motivation ( Anderson et al, 2020 ). Additionally, Sebastian Sporn et al dissociated the effects of different types of rewards, namely, performance feedback and monetary incentives, through a novel motor task, and the results demonstrated that monetary incentives alone rapidly shortened movement time, whereas feedback after correct responses primarily improved learning-related movement time performance.…”

Section: Effect Of Reward On Different Stages Of Motor Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of reward on motor learning: different stage, different effect

Zhao,

Zhang,

2024

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Motor learning is a prominent and extensively studied subject in rehabilitation following various types of neurological disorders. Motor repair and rehabilitation often extend over months and years post-injury with a slow pace of recovery, particularly affecting the fine movements of the distal extremities. This extended period can diminish the motivation and persistence of patients, a facet that has historically been overlooked in motor learning until recent years. Reward, including monetary compensation, social praise, video gaming, music, and virtual reality, is currently garnering heightened attention for its potential to enhance motor motivation and improve function. Numerous studies have examined the effects and attempted to explore potential mechanisms in various motor paradigms, yet they have yielded inconsistent or even contradictory results and conclusions. A comprehensive review is necessary to summarize studies on the effects of rewards on motor learning and to deduce a central pattern from these existing studies. Therefore, in this review, we initially outline a framework of motor learning considering two major types, two major components, and three stages. Subsequently, we summarize the effects of rewards on different stages of motor learning within the mentioned framework and analyze the underlying mechanisms at the level of behavior or neural circuit. Reward accelerates learning speed and enhances the extent of learning during the acquisition and consolidation stages, possibly by regulating the balance between the direct and indirect pathways (activating more D1-MSN than D2-MSN) of the ventral striatum and by increasing motor dynamics and kinematics. However, the effect varies depending on several experimental conditions. During the retention stage, there is a consensus that reward enhances both short-term and long-term memory retention in both types of motor learning, attributed to the LTP learning mechanism mediated by the VTA-M1 dopaminergic projection. Reward is a promising enhancer to bolster waning confidence and motivation, thereby increasing the efficiency of motor learning and rehabilitation. Further exploration of the circuit and functional connections between reward and the motor loop may provide a novel target for neural modulation to promote motor behavior.

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“…Monetary rewards and punishments are known to enhance motor performance 1,2 by facilitating the processes underlying movement preparation [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] . For instance, Freeman and Aron (2014) 6 used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) to show that rewarded stimuli, as compared to neutral ones, quickened reaction time (RT) and increased corticospinal excitability (CSE) during movement preparation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neurochemical Mechanisms Underlying the Enhancing Effects of Rewards and Punishments on Motor Performance

Hamel

Pearson

Sifi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Monetary rewards and punishments enhance motor performance and are associated with corticospinal excitability (CSE) increases within the motor cortex (M1) during movement preparation. However, such CSE changes have unclear origins; they could stem from increased glutamatergic (GLUTergic) facilitation and/or decreased type A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA)-mediated inhibition within M1. To investigate this, paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess GLUTergic facilitation and GABAA inhibition within M1 whilst participants prepared to execute 4-element finger-press sequences. Behaviourally, rewards and punishments enhanced both reaction and movement times. Neurochemically, regardless of rewards or punishments, a digit-specific increase in GLUTergic facilitation and digit-unspecific decrease in GABAA inhibition occurred during preparation as movement onset approached. In parallel, both rewards and punishments non-specifically increased GLUTergic facilitation, but only rewards non-specifically decreased GABAA inhibition during preparation. This suggests that, to enhance performance, rewards both increase GLUTergic facilitation and decrease GABAA inhibition whilst punishments selectively increase GLUTergic facilitation. A control experiment revealed that such changes were not observed post-movement as participants processed reward and punishment feedback, indicating they were selective to movement preparation. Collectively, these results map the neurochemical changes in M1 by which incentives enhance motor performance.

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Rewards interact with explicit knowledge to enhance skilled motor performance

Cited by 12 publications

References 44 publications

Reward influences the allocation but not the availability of resources in visual working memory.

Reward influences the allocation but not the availability of resources in visual working memory.

The effect of reward on motor learning: different stage, different effect

The Neurochemical Mechanisms Underlying the Enhancing Effects of Rewards and Punishments on Motor Performance

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