“…The synthesized samples are used to expand the minority class, thus changing the imbalanced dataset to be balanced (Liu et al, 2022). Due to its good data augmentation performance, GAN has been recently applied to insufficient and imbalanced problems such as reliability assessment (Li et al, 2019a), prediction model (Li and Mao 2021a; Zhang et al, 2022), fault diagnosis (Li et al, 2019b; Zareapoor et al, 2021), and defect detection (Liu et al, 2020, 2021a, 2021b; Xuan et al, 2019).…”