Rh, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd Antigens and Antibodies

Westhoff, Connie M.; Reid, Marion E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-06981-9.50012-0

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 155 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…Currently, 35 BG systems are recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) and Rh BG system is the fourth [5]. Rh antigens are encoded by two closely linked genes on the short arm of chromosome 1 at locus 1p36.1 [6]. The Rh BG system is highly polymorphic and over 50 different antigens have been described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Rh BG system is highly polymorphic and over 50 different antigens have been described. [5,6] In terms of their clinical significance, the five major Rh antigens include D, C, c, E and e. However, the D antigen is the most immunogenic. As such, in routine pre-transfusion compatibility testing, only ABO and Rh D antigens are typed and matched in the recipient and donor [4,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Knowledge of Rh (Rhesus) D Blood Group, Risk Factors and Burden of Rh D Alloimmunisation among Female Secondary School Students in Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria

Abiola

Olawunmi

Samson

2016

IBRR

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Background: Rh (Rhesus) blood group antigen especially D antigen plays a pivotal role in provision of safe blood and safe pregnancy. Antigen mismatch between blood donor and recipient or pregnant woman and the foetus sets the stage for immunohaematological complication such as haemolytic transfusion reaction and haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn. Individual knowledge of the Rh blood group status among females of reproductive age group is a contributory measure for effective control and prevention of untoward complications of antigen mismatch. Objective: This study assessed the level of awareness of own Rh D blood group status among female secondary school students, their risk for alloimmunisation, the distribution of Rh D antigen Original Research Articleand the burden of alloimmunisation. Materials and Methods:A cross sectional study of 927 female secondary school students in Ikorodu, Lagos, South-West Nigeria was performed. A multistage sampling technique was used. Ethical approval was granted by Lagos University Teaching Hospital's (LUTH) Health Research and Ethics Committee and permission granted by Lagos State Ministry of Health. Parental/guardian and student informed assent consent were obtained. Relevant data on socio demographics, knowledge of Rh D blood group, and risk factors for alloimmunisation were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Blood specimen was collected from all participants and tested for Rh D blood group and alloantibody (Anti D) status using standard protocols. Results are presented in frequency tables. Results: Sixty-eight (7.3%) have heard about Rh blood group system. About 6.7% of the participants described Rh system as an independent system, while 6.5% described the Rh system as a part of ABO antigen system. Of the 122 students who knew their blood group, only 106 (86.9%) were correct about their Rh D status after being tested. Known risk factors for Rh D alloimmunisation such as pregnancy and blood transfusion were observed in 53 (5.7%) of the participants. About 96.7% of the participants were Rh D positive. None of the Rh D negative female students was allo-immunised. Conclusion:This study observed poor awareness/knowledge regarding the Rh (rhesus) blood group system among secondary school females in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. Though, none of the participant was alloimmunised to the Rh D antigen, 5.7% had significant risk factors. Efforts should be directed at improving the awareness/knowledge of the rhesus blood group system and its reproductive implications particularly among female secondary students in Ikorodu, Lagos and other parts of Nigeria.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge of Rh (Rhesus) D Blood Group, Risk Factors and Burden of Rh D Alloimmunisation among Female Secondary School Students in Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria

Abiola

Olawunmi

Samson

2016

IBRR

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“…HDN with anti-K alloimmunisation can cause severe anaemia due to the destruction of erythrocyte precursors in the bone marrow and mature erythrocytes in foetal RBCs (45). Alloimmunisation of Kell antibodies can be predicted according to the titre of amniotic bilirubin level, as the production of Kell antigen is well expressed in the early stage of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow (46). This could result in hyperbilirubinemia in neonates, which increases progressively on the 3 rd day of life, thus haemoglobin and haematocrit levels will drop and result in moderate anaemia (47).…”

Section: Kellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemolytic of Newborn Disease-Related Red Blood Cell Alloantibodies

Nahendran

Budin²,

Saat³

et al. 2022

Jurnal Teknologi

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Red cell alloimmunisation in pregnancy may result in haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDN). During pregnancy, there are possibilities of the foetal antigen being exposed to the mother’s circulation, thereby leading to the production of antibodies. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies from the mother pass through the maternal surface placenta, which is then sensitised and obstructs the formation of foetal red blood cells (RBCs). This review discusses the presence of variance alloantibodies during pregnancy, as well as the consequences of HDN and its management. This review revealed that ABO incompatibility is the most common cause of alloimmunisation in pregnancy. The Rh system (anti-D and -E) are the most common alloantibodies found in pregnant women, followed by other alloantibodies such as Kell, Duffy, Kidd and MNSs. Hyperbilirunemia (increased bilirubin levels) is commonly seen in neonatal jaundice due to HDN and it is usually manageable using the phototherapy method. Nevertheless, the clinical significance of alloantibodies can cause complications such as anaemia, and in some extreme cases, kernicterus might require a blood exchange transfusion.

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A Flow Cytometric Study of Reagent Cells to Resolve ABO Typing Discrepancy

Maracaja¹,

Qiao

Salazar

et al. 2020

American Journal of Clinical Pathology

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Objectives RBC alloantibodies can lead to ABO grouping discrepancies unrelated to A or B antigens or antibodies posing challenges in the blood bank testing. Routine blood bank testing and flow cytometry were used to immunophenotype reagent cells and elucidate the cause of ABO discrepancies in two patients. Methods ABO discrepancy was identified in two patients after transfusion with several units of RBCs. For both patients, the pretransfusion type and screen demonstrated blood group A. Eight and 16 days later, both patients showed an apparent antibody to reagent group A cells, which prompted additional study with patients’ samples and flow cytometric testing of commercial reagent cells. Results In both patients’ specimens, posttransfusion evaluation demonstrated an emerging antibody to the Kell antigen (K). The RBCs of both patients typed negative for K, and both were transfused with K-positive RBCs. Flow cytometric analysis of reagent RBCs demonstrated that five of seven lot numbers were positive for K. Conclusions Emerging anti-K antibody led to agglutination of the K-positive reagent A1 cells, highlighting the importance of considering RBC alloantibodies and the composition of reagent cells when interpreting cases with an apparent ABO grouping discrepancy.

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Rh, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd Antigens and Antibodies

Cited by 4 publications

References 155 publications

Knowledge of Rh (Rhesus) D Blood Group, Risk Factors and Burden of Rh D Alloimmunisation among Female Secondary School Students in Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria

Knowledge of Rh (Rhesus) D Blood Group, Risk Factors and Burden of Rh D Alloimmunisation among Female Secondary School Students in Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria

Haemolytic of Newborn Disease-Related Red Blood Cell Alloantibodies

A Flow Cytometric Study of Reagent Cells to Resolve ABO Typing Discrepancy

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