Rhamnogalacturonan <scp>II</scp> structure shows variation in the side chains monosaccharide composition and methylation status within and across different plant species

Pabst, Martin; Fischl, Richard Michael; Brecker, Lothar; Morelle, Willy; Fauland, Alexander; Köfeler, Harald; Altmann, Friedrich; Léonard, Renaud

doi:10.1111/tpj.12271

Cited by 81 publications

(118 citation statements)

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“…α-1,4-galacturonic acid residues in the backbone may be acetylated. RGII is a highly complex polysaccharide present as dimers linked by a borate ester with backbones of at least seven α-1,4-linked galacturonic acid residues with a diversity of substitutions that are yet to be characterized [10]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinformatic characterisation of genes encoding cell wall degrading enzymes in the Phytophthora parasitica genome

2014

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BackgroundA critical aspect of plant infection by the majority of pathogens is penetration of the plant cell wall. This process requires the production and secretion of a broad spectrum of pathogen enzymes that target and degrade the many complex polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. As a necessary framework for a study of the expression of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) produced by the broad host range phytopathogen, Phytophthora parasitica, we have conducted an in-depth bioinformatics analysis of the entire complement of genes encoding CWDEs in this pathogen’s genome.ResultsOur bioinformatic analysis indicates that 431 (2%) of the 20,825 predicted proteins encoded by the P. parasitica genome, are carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) involved in the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides. Of the 431 proteins, 337 contain classical N-terminal secretion signals and 67 are predicted to be targeted to the non-classical secretion pathway. Identification of CAZyme catalytic activity based on primary protein sequence is difficult, nevertheless, detailed comparisons with previously characterized enzymes has allowed us to determine likely enzyme activities and targeted substrates for many of the P. parasitica CWDEs. Some proteins (12%) contain more than one CAZyme module but, in most cases, multiple modules are from the same CAZyme family. Only 12 P. parasitica CWDEs contain both catalytically-active (glycosyl hydrolase) and non-catalytic (carbohydrate binding) modules, a situation that contrasts with that in fungal phytopathogens. Other striking differences between the complements of CWDEs in P. parasitica and fungal phytopathogens are seen in the CAZyme families that target cellulose, pectins or β-1,3-glucans (e.g. callose). About 25% of P. parasitica CAZymes are solely directed towards pectin degradation, with the majority coming from pectin lyase or carbohydrate esterase families. Fungal phytopathogens typically contain less than half the numbers of these CAZymes. The P. parasitica genome, like that of other Oomycetes, is rich in CAZymes that target β-1,3-glucans.ConclusionsThis detailed analysis of the full complement of P. parasitica cell wall degrading enzymes provides a framework for an in-depth study of patterns of expression of these pathogen genes during plant infection and the induction or repression of expression by selected substrates.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-785) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinformatic characterisation of genes encoding cell wall degrading enzymes in the Phytophthora parasitica genome

2014

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“…At least 90% of the RG-II in primary walls exists as a dimer (11), and a reduction in the extent of RG-II cross-linking typically results in the formation of abnormal cell walls (12). Plants carrying mutations that affect Api metabolism as well as RG-II structure and cross-linking are dwarfed or fail to develop normally (13)(14)(15)(16).…”

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Functional Characterization of UDP-apiose Synthases from Bryophytes and Green Algae Provides Insight into the Appearance of Apiose-containing Glycans during Plant Evolution

Smith

Yang

Levy³

et al. 2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Apiose is a branched monosaccharide that is present in the cell wall pectic polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonan II and apiogalacturonan and in numerous plant secondary metabolites. These apiose-containing glycans are synthesized using UDPapiose as the donor. UDP-apiose (UDP-Api) together with UDPxylose is formed from UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) by UDP-Api synthase (UAS). It was hypothesized that the ability to form Api distinguishes vascular plants from the avascular plants and green algae. UAS from several dicotyledonous plants has been characterized; however, it is not known if avascular plants or green algae produce this enzyme. Here we report the identification and functional characterization of UAS homologs from avascular plants (mosses, liverwort, and hornwort), from streptophyte green algae, and from a monocot (duckweed). The recombinant UAS homologs all form UDP-Api from UDP-glucuronic acid albeit in different amounts. Apiose was detected in aqueous methanolic extracts of these plants. Apiose was detected in duckweed cell walls but not in the walls of the avascular plants and algae. Overexpressing duckweed UAS in the moss Physcomitrella patens led to an increase in the amounts of aqueous methanol-acetonitrile-soluble apiose but did not result in discernible amounts of cell wall-associated apiose. Thus, bryophytes and algae likely lack the glycosyltransferase machinery required to synthesize apiose-containing cell wall glycans. Nevertheless, these plants may have the ability to form apiosylated secondary metabolites. Our data are the first to provide evidence that the ability to form apiose existed prior to the appearance of rhamnogalacturonan II and apiogalacturonan and provide new insights into the evolution of apiose-containing glycans.

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“…Borate forms a cis-diol ester with apiosyl residues in one of the four side chains of the two RG-II monomers to generate the RG-II-B dimer (Ishii et al, 1999). The Arabidopsis mutant murus1 contains reduced levels of Fuc, a glycosyl residue of RG-II (O' Neill et al, 2001), and has altered RG-II structure (Pabst et al, 2013). Compared with the wild type, murus1 exhibits reduced cross linking of RG-II by borate and reduced leaf expansion under sufficient levels of B (O' Neill et al, 2001).…”

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Roles of BOR2, a Boron Exporter, in Cross Linking of Rhamnogalacturonan II and Root Elongation under Boron Limitation in Arabidopsis

et al. 2013

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Boron (B) is required for cross linking of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) and is consequently essential for the maintenance of cell wall structure. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BOR1 is an efflux B transporter for xylem loading of B. Here, we describe the roles of BOR2, the most similar paralog of BOR1. BOR2 encodes an efflux B transporter localized in plasma membrane and is strongly expressed in lateral root caps and epidermis of elongation zones of roots. Transfer DNA insertion of BOR2 reduced root elongation by 68%, whereas the mutation in BOR1 reduced it by 32% under low B availability (0.1 mM), but the reduction in shoot growth was not as obvious as that in the BOR1 mutant. A double mutant of BOR1 and BOR2 exhibited much more severe growth defects in both roots and shoots under B-limited conditions than the corresponding single mutants. All single and double mutants grew normally under B-sufficient conditions. These results suggest that both BOR1 and BOR2 are required under B limitation and that their roles are, at least in part, different. The total B concentrations in roots of BOR2 mutants were not significantly different from those in wild-type plants, but the proportion of cross-linked RG-II was reduced under low B availability. Such a reduction in RG-II cross linking was not evident in roots of the BOR1 mutant. Thus, we propose that under B-limited conditions, transport of boric acid/borate by BOR2 from symplast to apoplast is required for effective cross linking of RG-II in cell wall and root cell elongation.

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Rhamnogalacturonan II structure shows variation in the side chains monosaccharide composition and methylation status within and across different plant species

Cited by 81 publications

References 31 publications

Bioinformatic characterisation of genes encoding cell wall degrading enzymes in the Phytophthora parasitica genome

Bioinformatic characterisation of genes encoding cell wall degrading enzymes in the Phytophthora parasitica genome

Functional Characterization of UDP-apiose Synthases from Bryophytes and Green Algae Provides Insight into the Appearance of Apiose-containing Glycans during Plant Evolution

Roles of BOR2, a Boron Exporter, in Cross Linking of Rhamnogalacturonan II and Root Elongation under Boron Limitation in Arabidopsis

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