Rhein promotes the proliferation of keratinocytes by targeting oestrogen receptors for skin ulcer treatment

Abstract

Background The Sheng-ji Hua-yu (SJHY) formula is a quite effective Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) in the treatment of delayed diabetic wounds. Previous research has shown that the SJHY formula has significant anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects, but the precise mechanism remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of rhein, a compound extracted from SJHY formula, in keratinocytes and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Methods Microscale thermophoresis (MST) technology was used to confirm that rhein binds directly to oestrogen receptors (ERs). Rhein was then used to treat keratinocytes in vitro. Cell cycle and proliferation analysis, Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western-blot were conducted. Results Rhein increased the proportion of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle and promoted keratinocyte proliferation. ICI 182,780, an ER inhibitor, was also used to treat keratinocytes. The expression of c-myc mRNA and protein induced by rhein was antagonized by ICI 182,780, indicating that this induction is ER dependent. Intervention with ICI 182,780 had no effect on the upregulation of FosB and JunD, indicating that activator protein 1 (AP-1) members (FosB and JunD) are involved in rhein-induced c-myc mRNA and protein expression but does not require the ER. Conclusion The present study found that rhein stimulates keratinocyte proliferation by activating the oestrogen signalling pathway via the oestrogen receptor, which induces the expression of c-myc in collaboration with FosB and JunD, thereby accelerating the process of re-epithelialization.

Cassia alata and Its Phytochemicals: A Promising Natural Strategy in Wound Recovery

“…Rhein reduces the levels of inflammatory cytokines in both in vitro and in vivo studies [121,150], thus exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity that can facilitate the wound healing process. In addition, rhein increases the proliferation of HaCaT cells by binding with the estrogen receptors in HaCaT cells during the proliferative phase (S phase) [151]. During the proliferative phase, re-epithelialization was observed in HaCaT cells at the wound edge, signifying the restoration of the epithelial layer in response to an injury.…”

“…In addition, Li et al developed a fibrous hydrogel reinforced with aramid nanofibers containing rhein that also showed excellent biocompatibility in skin tissue, mechanical strength, and water retention capacity as well as antibacterial activity against S. aureus. The hydrogel could also promote collagen and new blood vessel formation in burn In addition, rhein increases the proliferation of HaCaT cells by binding with the estrogen receptors in HaCaT cells during the proliferative phase (S phase) [151]. During the proliferative phase, re-epithelialization was observed in HaCaT cells at the wound edge, signifying the restoration of the epithelial layer in response to an injury.…”

Kampo herbal ointments for skin wound healing

“…This induces the expression of proto-oncogene c-myc in collaboration with the protein FosB and proto-oncogene JunD. Together, these activations accelerate re-epithelialization, an important step in the wound healing process ( Xu et al, 2022 ).…”