Rheological behavior, 3D printability and the formation of scaffolds with cellulose nanocrystals/gelatin hydrogels

3D printed cellulose based product applications

“…30 The addition of CNC increased the total solid content in the composite hydrogel and the density of the network structure, which resulted in a higher viscosity. 32 This study confirmed that the moulding conditions contributed to the biocompatibility of the hydrogel scaffold.…”

“…By comparing the width of the printed filament, the rheological parameters of the CNC-gelatin hydrogel by changing the printing conditions (printing pressure, nozzle diameter, printing temperature, and nozzle motion speed) can improve printing quality. 32 When the CNC content is higher than 10%, the viscosity of the composite hydrogel decreases due to the agglomeration of CNC in the hydrogel system. High temperatures will impact the rate of movement of macromolecules, and more free volume will be generated so that the molecular chains can move more quickly, causing a decrease in the viscosity of the hydrogel.…”

Semi-solid extrusion 3D printing in drug delivery and biomedicine: Personalised solutions for healthcare challenges

“…The experiment settings should simulate the high shear stress generated at the tip of the nozzle during extrusion and subsequently at rest to fully characterize the self-healing properties of the extruded material. Nevertheless, prediction of the magnitude of swelling/shrinking of the nozzle extrudate is still a challenge (83).…”

Mechanical Characterization of Multilayered Hydrogels: A Rheological Study for 3D-Printed Systems

“… 48 More often, compression tests are used to characterize the mechanical properties of the printed constructs. 49 − 51 …”