Rheological Behavior from Light to Heavy Oils: Construction of Master Curves

Ramírez-González, Patsy V.

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01340

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Thus, similarly to previous work, when plotting η/η 0 versus γ̇η convergence to a master curve can be clearly found, Figure , for both temperature and pressure field variables. The resulting master curve can be modeled with a simple empirical equation with the following mathematical form where a , b , and c are fitting parameters and η 0 is the zero shear rate (Newtonian) reference viscosity.…”

Section: Rheological Behavior Description By Superpositionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Mass density and viscosity measured with the SVM 3000 at 20 °C are reported in Table , ordered as per API gravity value. As observed and explained in previous work, in the case of heavy oils, the API gravity and viscosity do not monotonically correlate, unlike what appears to be the case for light oils. This lack of correlation with the API density seems to be due to the different compositions of the main SARA groups, particularly for a higher content of asphaltenes in heavy and extra-heavy crude oils.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Furthermore, in previous work, master curves for different oils at different temperatures were obtained. In general, the procedure implies using a single horizontal shift factor to shift data on a log–log plot taken at several temperatures along the shear-rate axis to coincide with those measured at a reference temperature T 0 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rheological Behavior of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils at High Pressure

Ramírez-González

Quiñones-Cisneros

2020

Energy Fuels

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The processing, production, and transport of heavy crude oils are big challenges for the petroleum industry. Central to this challenge is the fluid viscosity: the key variable responsible for the oil fluidity throughout the entire production process. From the reservoir to delivery conditions, oils undergo large variations in temperature and pressure, which may cause important phase behavior and physicochemical changes, directly affecting the fluid’s thermophysical properties. In the case of heavy oils, such a broad change of conditions categorically results in several orders of magnitude viscosity span, including the possible Newtonian to non-Newtonian rheological behavior transitions. It is, therefore, of primary importance that heavy oils be rheologically well-characterized to ensure their production process is successful and viable. The viscosities of heavy and extra-heavy crude oils in extreme conditions (high pressure, high to low temperature, high to low shear rate) are, however, difficult for most service laboratories to fully measure directly. Several lapses may occur when measuring the full range of required conditions using traditional rheometers; for example, for such viscous fluids, the development of laminar-flow structural anomalies (eddies) and magnetic decoupling in the high-pressure cell are common practical problems. In an attempt to pragmatically address these problems, in this work, a methodology that may allow for the rheological characterization of heavy and extra-heavy oils within the full field operational range, but based on limited laboratory measurements, is proposed. The proposed approach does not follow from a simple extrapolation but is rather derived from the concept of control-variable shifting. For achieving this, the superposition principle is applied to shear-temperature and shear-pressure reliable measurements to construct master curves to rheologically characterize the fluid within conditions that may be too severe for direct laboratory measurements. This methodology has been successfully applied to a database of 20 Mexican fluids, going from extra-heavy to light fluids. The rheologies of the samples were originally studied using three different types of equipment: (1) a strain-controlled rheometer (for the measurement of the fluid rheology at ambient pressure and different temperatures), (2) a sliding piston viscometer for high-pressure and low-shear-rate viscosity measurements, and (3) a hybrid rheometer coupled with a pressure cell for the estimation of the fluids rheological behavior under pressure and high shear rate. The rheological behavior of crude oils could then be obtained at conditions as severe as the equipment allowed (up to 1000 bar and, in some cases, shear rate up to 1000 s–1). The master curves allowed, however, to extend the rheological characterization of the fluids within conditions that were beyond the laboratory capabilities.

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Section: Rheological Behavior Description By Superpositionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 56%

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Rheological Behavior of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils at High Pressure

Ramírez-González

Quiñones-Cisneros

2020

Energy Fuels

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“…As the temperature rises, the viscosity of the bitumen decreases sharply but remains almost independent of the shear rate. The same is true for other heavy oils and bitumens, ,, in which, at low temperatures, there is no crystallization of paraffin waxes or loss of asphaltenes solubility. Besides, it should be noted that the viscosity of heavy oils increases with increasing pressure, the growth of which, however, does not lead to the appearance of a yield stress. , In any case, the non-Newtonian behavior of heavy oils manifests itself poorly and does this only at high shear rates and high pressures and low temperatures ,,, close to the formation temperature of a solid-continuous phase state …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Basic Fundamentals of Petroleum Rheology and Their Application for the Investigation of Crude Oils of Different Natures

Ilyin

Strelets

2018

Energy Fuels

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A pair of basic methods for investigating the rheological properties of complex fluids were considered: steady flow and small amplitude oscillatory shear. The methods were applied to study rheological properties of eight petroleum samples belonging to different classes (light, heavy, waxy crude oils, and bitumen). It was shown how the viscosity of a crude oil depends on its nature, temperature, and applied stress. To characterize the viscous behavior of oils, one can use their glass transition temperature: the Williams−Landel−Ferry equation makes it possible to construct a universal temperature dependence of the viscosity. The latter determines the viscosity of any petroleum at temperature of interest from that at some other temperature. Linear and nonlinear viscoelastic properties of oils were demonstrated, and the manifestations of viscoelasticity by various crude oils were shown. It was revealed how the pour point of heavy oil can be calculated from its viscosity.

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“… 47 In overall the behavior of the oil-based emulsions mainly depends on the crude oil rheology as it can exhibit Newtonian 45 , 48 or non-Newtonian flow. 49 − 51 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Composition and Interfacial Tension on the Rheology and Morphology of Heavy Oil-In-Water Emulsions

et al. 2020

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Rheological and morphological properties of heavy crude oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions have been studied. Two series of emulsions were considered: first, the surfactant type remained constant, while the continuous phase content was varied and second, the surfactant type was varied while the continuous phase content remained constant. Under stress-controlled shearing, all samples exhibit viscoplastic behavior. The rheological properties are directly related to the morphology of the emulsions which vary in size of dispersed phase droplets and their inherent structure. Adding a surfactant characterized by a high value of interfacial oil–water tension results in a decrease in the yield stress (which is a measure of the interparticulate structure strength). The same effect is attained by increasing the water content. Meanwhile, these two factors determine the viscosity which can be much lower than that of the basic heavy crude oil if the O/W type of emulsions has been created. Special attention was paid to the viscoelastic properties which have been scarcely reported. Correlations were found between the surfactant properties, composition of the emulsion, and rheological characteristics of emulsions (yield stress, apparent viscosity, and viscoelastic properties), which allows for reduction in the crude oil viscosity down to a low enough level acceptable for pipe transportation.

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Rheological Behavior from Light to Heavy Oils: Construction of Master Curves

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Rheological Behavior of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils at High Pressure

Rheological Behavior of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils at High Pressure

Basic Fundamentals of Petroleum Rheology and Their Application for the Investigation of Crude Oils of Different Natures

Effect of Composition and Interfacial Tension on the Rheology and Morphology of Heavy Oil-In-Water Emulsions

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