Rheological effects of macromolecular interactions in synovial fluid

Martin-Alarcon, Leonardo; Schmidt, Tannin A.

doi:10.3233/bir-15104

Cited by 41 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…These properties are most likely related to the hyaluronan network (Cowman 2005; Fam, Bryant, and Kontopoulou 2007; Martin-Alarcon and Schmidt 2016). However, it should be noted that the tribology of synovial fluid is related to lubricative glycoproteins such as lubricin, and, these properties are partially retained even after destruction of the hyaluronan network (Jay and Waller 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic particle translation as a surrogate measure for synovial fluid mechanics

Shah

Maldonado-Camargo

Patel

et al. 2017

Journal of Biomechanics

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The mechanics of synovial fluid vary with disease progression, but are difficult to quantify quickly in a clinical setting due to small sample volumes. In this study, a novel technique to measure synovial fluid mechanics using magnetic nanoparticles is introduced. Briefly, microspheres embedded with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, termed magnetic particles, are distributed through a 100 μL synovial fluid sample. Then, a permanent magnet inside a protective sheath is inserted into the synovial fluid sample. Magnetic particles translate toward the permanent magnet and the percentage of magnetic particles collected by the magnet in a given time can be related to synovial fluid viscosity. To validate this relationship, magnetic particle translation was demonstrated in three phases. First, magnetic particle translation was assessed in glycerol solutions with known viscosities, demonstrating that as fluid viscosity increased, magnetic particle translation decreased. Next, the relationship between magnetic particle translation and synovial fluid viscosity was assessed using bovine synovial fluid that was progressively degenerated via ultrasonication. Here, particle collection in a given amount of time increased as fluid degenerated, demonstrating that the relationship between particle collection and fluid mechanics holds in non-Newtonian synovial fluid. Finally, magnetic particle translation was used to assess differences between healthy and OA affected joints in equine synovial fluid. Here, particle collection in a given time was higher in OA joints relative to healthy horses (p<0.001). Combined, these data demonstrate potential viability of magnetic particle translation in a clinical setting to evaluate synovial fluid mechanics in limited volumes of synovial fluid sample.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic particle translation as a surrogate measure for synovial fluid mechanics

Shah

Maldonado-Camargo

Patel

et al. 2017

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…32 Their rheological behaviour is non-Newtonian with shear thinning as discussed above. 4 The hyaluronic acid molecules in standard tear replacement drops, on the other hand, are much smaller with a molecular weight of ∼ 1.5-1.8 MDa. (Dr Brenda Mann, University of Utah Bioengineering Department, personal communication, 2017) The rheological behaviour of such hyaluronic acid products generally containing relatively short molecules at relatively low concentrations is for the most part Newtonian with an increase in viscosity with shear rate.…”

Section: Developing a Non-newtonian Tear Replacementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In blood the interactions between erythrocytes are key in this behaviour whereas in synovial fluid it is hyaluronic acid existing as long chain anisotropic molecules that change the rheology of the fluid. 4 If it is tricky being a tear drop, it is equally vexatious being a designer of a tear replacement drop. The very fact that we have so many from which to choose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, carbomer gel, hyaluronic acid, 5 propylene glycol/ hydroxypropyl-guar, 6 and lipid emulsion 7 among artificial lacrimomimetics 8 in products ranging through Actimist, Advance Eye Relief, Akorn, Akwa, Blink, Clarymist, Clear Eyes, Freshkote, GenTeal, Hylogel, Isopto, Just Tears, Lacril, Lacrisert, Liposic, Lubrifresh, Murine Tears, Natural Balance, Nature's Tears, Nutratear, Oasis Tears, Paralube, Refresh, Rohto Hydra, Systane, Soothe, Tearisol, Tears Again, Tears Natural, Thera Tears, Ultra Tears, Visco Tears, and Vizulize Dry Eye Mist and even good old fashioned Lacrilube with products such as lanolin from sheep wool, 9 not to forget of saliva in submandibular gland transplantation in human patients 10 or parotid duct transposition in the dog, 11 suggests that none is 100% effective in every patient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimising tear replacement rheology in canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Williams

2018

Eye

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Dry eye is a substantial problem in a large number of human and canine patients. Numerous laboratory models for tear deficiency exist using genetically predisposed rodent models, animals treated with topical anti-muscarinics, or those kept in environments with increased air flow to produce the ocular surface changes seen in human patients. Canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca, seen in many thousands of dogs kept as companion animals, can provide a valuable spontaneous model for testing tear replacement medications that might better model disease in human patients, existing as it does in an outbred population that live in the same environments as their owners. Here the development of a crosslinked hyaluronic acid topical drop is described together with the results of trials on dogs with spontaneous keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Although hyaluronic acid in its native form in tear replacement drops shows a Newtonian rheology, the crosslinked product described here behaves in a non-Newtonian manner, with the same shear thinning shown by the tear film itself. The crosslinked product thus shows itself as a potentially valuable tear replacement medication for the human dry eye population as well as for dogs with the same condition.

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“…In addition to boundary lubrication, other roles include anti‐adhesion, modulation of immune response through toll‐like receptors, and binding to immune system cells . It interacts synergistically with hyaluronic acid (HA) to enhance cartilage boundary lubrication and alters rheological properties of HA solutions . A current hypothesis is that a nanoscale, brush‐like layer of PRG4 on the surface of articular cartilages entangles HA molecules, creating microscale viscoelastic gels …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lubricin/proteoglycan 4 detected in vocal folds of humans and five other mammals

et al. 2019

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Objectives/Hypothesis: Lubricin/proteoglycan-4 (PRG4) lubricates connective tissues such as joints and tendon sheaths, enabling them to better withstand shearing and frictional forces during motion. We wondered whether PRG4 might play a role in phonation, as normal vocal folds withstand repetitive, high-velocity deformations remarkably well. As a first step, we tested whether PRG4 is expressed in vocal folds.Study Design: Laboratory study.Methods: Anatomical and molecular methods were applied to 47 larynges from humans, macaque (Macaca fascicularis), canines, pigs, calves, and rats. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blot, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) methods were used to test for the presence of PRG4.Results: In all species, the true vocal fold lamina propria (TVF-LP) was positive for PRG4 by IHC, whereas immunoreactivity of the false vocal fold was weak or absent, depending on the species. Human TVF-LP was strongly stained across all layers. Immunoreactivity was seen variably on the vocal fold surface and within the vocal fold epithelium, in the conus elasticus and thyroglottic ligament, and at the tip of vocal process. Western blots of four humans and six pigs demonstrated immunoreactivity at appropriate molecular weight. qRT-PCR of pig tissues confirmed PRG4 mRNA expression, which was highest in the TVF-LP.Conclusions: PRG4 was found in phonatory tissues of six mammals. We suggest it might act as a lubricant within the lamina propria and possibly on the vocal fold surface, limiting phonation-related damage to vocal fold extracellular matrix and epithelium, and enhancing vocal efficiency by reducing internal friction (viscosity) within the vocal fold.

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Rheological effects of macromolecular interactions in synovial fluid

Cited by 41 publications

References 109 publications

Magnetic particle translation as a surrogate measure for synovial fluid mechanics

Magnetic particle translation as a surrogate measure for synovial fluid mechanics

Optimising tear replacement rheology in canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Lubricin/proteoglycan 4 detected in vocal folds of humans and five other mammals

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