Rheological properties and ultra-high salt resistance of novel hydrophobically associating copolymers for fracturing fluids

Fan, Meiling; Lai, Xiaojuan; Li, Jing; Wang, Tingting; Wang, Lei; Gao, Jinhao; Wen, Xin; Liu, Guiru; Liu, Yong

doi:10.1007/s00289-022-04470-1

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Over the cross‐point ( G ″ < G ′) from Maxwell model, the shape of storage and loss moduli curves indicate the formation of dots that superimposed on a slow relaxation process. In general, the oscillatory behavior displayed in Figure 7 is similar to the others studied samples 60–64 . At low frequencies, the slopes of G ′ and G ″ curves from Maxwell model of these samples are 2 and 1, respectively.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…In general, the oscillatory behavior displayed in Figure 7 is similar to the others studied samples. [60][61][62][63][64] At low frequencies, the slopes of G 0 and G 00 curves from Maxwell model of these samples are 2 and 1, respectively. These outcomes from oscillatory measurements described the viscoelastic properties and entanglements of polymeric chains from aqueous saline polymer solutions at different concentration of salt.…”

Section: Oscillatory Shear Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Synthesis and rheological properties of water soluble ionic copolymers as modifier fluids at high temperature and saline media

Jiménez‐Regalado¹,

Gómez²,

Cadenas‐Pliego³

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polymer flooding depicts an interesting strategy to improve the enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This work aims with the synthesis of ionic thermo‐responsive copolymers able to be used as rheological modifiers for EOR under harsh conditions (250,000 ppm of NaCl at 150°C). Copolymers composed of different molar ratio of acrylamide, N‐isopropylacrylamide and 2‐acrylamide‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid were prepared in aqueous media via free radical polymerization at 50°C using 4,4′‐azobis(‐4″‐cyanopentanoic) acid (ACPA) as initiator. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses demonstrated the structure and molar composition of synthesized copolymers. Rheological measurements performed at different concentration from 1 to 8 wt% demonstrated an increase in the viscosity from 2000 to 600,000 mPa.s. Aqueous mixtures of polymer at 5 wt% and NaCl at different concentration (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt%) was analyzed. Copolymer ([PAM]/[PNIPAM] = 50/50) displayed a phase separation at 15 wt% of NaCl. Solutions of polymer at 5 and 25 wt% of NaCl were heated at 150°C for 72 h. Results revealed both thermal stability and saline tolerance of copolymers [PAM]/[PNIPAM]/[PAMPS‐Na] = 25/25/50, 35/35/30, and 50/0/50 under harsh conditions with the absence of phase separation of the brine polymer solutions.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Oscillatory Shear Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Synthesis and rheological properties of water soluble ionic copolymers as modifier fluids at high temperature and saline media

Jiménez‐Regalado¹,

Gómez²,

Cadenas‐Pliego³

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The −SO 3 2– exhibited distinct symmetrical and asymmetric absorption peaks at 1129 and 1044 cm –1 , respectively. The bending vibration of the long-chain methylene was observed at 780 cm –1 , indicating the presence of the target group within the product. − However, infrared analysis alone can only identify the presence of hydrophobic groups with long chains in the modified polymer. It is unable to determine the specific length of the hydrophobic chain or confirm the successful preparation of PAM-C8, PAM-C12, PAM-C18, and PAM-C22.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Alkyl Chain Length on the Performance of Inverse Emulsion Polyacrylamide Fracturing Fluid Thickeners

Zhang,

Yan,

Chen

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The alkyl chain length of hydrophobic monomers significantly influences the properties of hydrophobic associative polymers. In this study, four hydrophobic monomers with varying chain lengths were copolymerized with acrylamide, using the inverse emulsion polymerization method. Four hydrophobic associative polyacrylamides were successfully synthesized and characterized using infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and radius of gyration detection, and they were compared with polyacrylamides (PAMs) (without hydrophobic monomers). Polymer morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, while rheological properties were assessed using a rheometer. Emulsion stability was determined by measuring conductivity. Investigation indicate a direct correlation between the rheological properties of the polymer and the stability of the emulsion with the alkyl chain length of the hydrophobic monomer. The longer the alkyl chain of the hydrophobic monomer, the higher the rheology and emulsion stability of the polymer by increasing hydrophobic association and droplet encapsulation.

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“…The development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs is very different from that of conventional oil and gas reservoirs. In the fracturing of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, fractures with high permeability and long length are usually required [5][6][7].As an indispensable technology for the development of oil and gas resources, hydraulic fracturing has made great contributions in the past few decades, especially for unconventional oil and gas resources [8].Polyacrylamide (PAM) is widely used in polymer fracturing systems [9][10][11][12].However, in the harsh reservoir environment, the temperature and concentration of mineral salt ions increase sharply, resulting simultaneously in the charge shielding effect and the crosslinking between ions and hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymers.Moreover,acidi cation occurs under high salinity and high temperature conditions [13][14][15]. When the temperature exceeds 70°C, the amide group is prone to hydrolysis, resulting in a sharp decrease in polymer viscosity, which will limits the applicability of PAM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and rheological properties of a hydrophobically associating viscoelastic polymer with temperature and salt resistance via reversed-phase emulsion polymerization

chen,

Lai,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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In some reservoirs, groundwater or formation water is exposed to high salinity salt solution and high underground temperature conditions. In high salinity environments,traditional fracturing fluid are prone to salt crystallization, salt deposition and colloidal particle aggregation.Moreover, In high temperature environment, additives and colloids in traditional fracturing fluids may degrade, fail or denature, resulting in the degradation of the fracturing fluid performance. Most of the fracturing fluids studied to date cannot meet the performance requirements of temperature and salt resistance simultaneously while ensuring a low cost.To solve this problem,using acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), and the hydrophobic monomer allyl polyethylene glycol (APEG) as molecular skeletons, an associating viscoelastic polymer, p(AM/AA/AMPS/APEG), was prepared via inverse emulsion polymerization. The structure and morphology of the polymer were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and laser particle size analysis, and its rheological properties, particularly thixotropy and viscoelasticity, were evaluated. The p(AM/AA/AMPS/APEG) solution showed the characteristics of a viscoelastic fluid, as well as good temperature resistance at 160°C and a concentration of 0.8 wt.%. The viscosity of p(AM/AA/AMPS/APEG) was 64.88 and 56.77 mPa·s after shearing in 20000 mg/L NaCl solution and CaCl2 solution for 1 h at 140°C and 170 s− 1, respectively. With increasing polymer concentration, the intermolecular association efficiency of the hydrophobic groups and the apparent viscosity of the solution increased. The p(AM/AA/AMPS/APEG) polymer exhibited good thixotropy, salt resistance, temperature resistance, and shear resistance. This hydrophobically associating polymer shows good application prospects in the development and utilization of unconventional oil and gas resources.

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Rheological properties and ultra-high salt resistance of novel hydrophobically associating copolymers for fracturing fluids

Cited by 9 publications

References 30 publications

Synthesis and rheological properties of water soluble ionic copolymers as modifier fluids at high temperature and saline media

Synthesis and rheological properties of water soluble ionic copolymers as modifier fluids at high temperature and saline media

Influence of Alkyl Chain Length on the Performance of Inverse Emulsion Polyacrylamide Fracturing Fluid Thickeners

Preparation and rheological properties of a hydrophobically associating viscoelastic polymer with temperature and salt resistance via reversed-phase emulsion polymerization

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