Rheological Properties of Gels Formed at the Oil–Water Interface by the Reaction between Tetrameric Acid and Calcium Ion under Flow Conditions and at the Batch Scale

Simon, Sébastien; Blanco, Estefania; Gao, Bicheng; Sjöblom, Johan; Passade-Boupat, Nicolas; Palermo, Thierry; Rondón-González, Marianna

doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02751

Cited by 6 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This mechanism is particularly consistent with the interfacial shear 28−30 and dilational 27,31,32 rheology measurements performed on model systems, i.e., ARN (or its model compound named BP-10) dissolved in organic solvent in the presence of an aqueous phase containing Ca 2+ at basic pH. The proposed mechanism is far from being complete.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…However, experimental conditions for bottle tests had to be adjusted, and consequently, there are significant differences between the two techniques. The most significant is the fact that the ARN concentration was increased 10-fold to 100 μM in bottle tests, a decision based on previous bottle test experiments, 27 to make the detection of the deposit easier. Another difference is the absence of shaking in experiments performed with the SINTERFACE apparatus.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As in our previous studies, , ARN samples have been extracted from a calcium naphthenate deposit using the acid-ion-exchange resin (IER) method . The obtained sample has been characterized by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous studies, , we have studied the formation mechanism and the growth of the ARN/Ca 2+ interfacial gel as well as the influence of asphaltenes. This study aims to go further by considering the influence of the whole crude oil on this interfacial gel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The knowledge of the mechanism should hopefully allow us to predict the deposition in newly developed fields. 18−20 Recently, based on previous works and analyses by Vindstad et al, 21 Brocart et al, 22,23 and Sjoblom et al, 24−26 Simon et al 27 have proposed the following calcium deposition mechanism. Initially, due to the depressurization of crude oil during oil production, carbon dioxide is released and, as a result, the pH of the produced water is increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Screening of Inhibition of Calcium Naphthenate Deposition in Crude Oil

et al. 2021

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One of the initial steps in calcium naphthenate deposition is the reaction between ARN and Ca 2+ leading to the formation of an interfacial gel. After growing, this gel will form calcium naphthenate deposits that are a threat for irregularities in crude oil production and processing. It has been previously shown that crude oil components such as asphaltenes and naphthenic acids can weaken and inhibit the formation of the interfacial gel. Based on this observation, the inhibition efficiency of four crude oils is compared. The variations of interfacial tension (IFT) and interfacial dilational modulus E′ of ARN solution (concentration = 10 μM) in contact with Ca 2+ -containing aqueous solution (pH = 8) with varying crude oil concentration allow us to define a parameter characterizing the interfacial gel inhibition efficiency of crude oils to compare the systems with each other. The determined inhibition efficiency order of crude oils is not directly related to the total asphaltene and naphthenic acid contents in the crude oils and, therefore, cannot be directly predicted by performing simple chemical analysis of the oils. By selectively removing asphaltenes and/or naphthenic acids, it was found that naphthenic acids are the most prevalent inhibitors followed by asphaltenes in the tested crude oils. Other compounds present in crude oil also have a weak inhibition activity on the ARN/Ca 2+ interfacial gel. Finally, bottle tests were performed to upscale the results obtained at the interfacial scale. Bottle tests were performed at an ARN concentration 10 times higher than that used for IFT and interfacial rheology measurements. The tests indicate the presence of a soft solid material formed by the reaction between ARN and Ca 2+ even in the presence of the crude oil that was found to have the highest interfacial gel inhibition efficiency. This apparent contradiction is not understood at the moment, and hence, a better understanding of the ARN/ Ca 2+ system is required to extrapolate the results obtained at the interface to bigger scales.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%