Rheology and mechanical degradation of high-molecular-weight partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide during flow through capillaries

Al-Hashmi, A.R.; Maamari, R.S. Al; Shabibi, I.S. Al; Mansoor, Ahmed; Zaitoun, Alain; Sharji, H.H. Al

doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2013.03.021

Cited by 78 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…It must also be kept in mind that some authors also suggested that high shear could mechanically degrade the PAM chains [52][53][54][55] and reduce their average length and molecular weight, reducing their ability to bridge cement grains and increase yield stress. This decrease in molecular weight could also explain, through a reduction of the average size of the bridging coils, the measured decrease in critical strain.…”

Section: Effect Of Shear History On the Pam Contribution To The Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of polyacrylamide on rheology of fresh cement pastes

Bessaies-Bey¹,

Baumann²,

Schmitz³

et al. 2015

Cement and Concrete Research

116

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Section: Effect Of Shear History On the Pam Contribution To The Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of polyacrylamide on rheology of fresh cement pastes

Bessaies-Bey¹,

Baumann²,

Schmitz³

et al. 2015

Cement and Concrete Research

116

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“…These results are usefull since they can help simulating what happens in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) conditions with shear conditions that can reach up to 50,000 -100,000s -1 (Al Hashmi et al, 2013) through chokes or valves under high pressure drops. Moreover, critical shear rate determination for a 20% of viscosity loss can be approximatively calculated and reach 250,000 and 300,000s -1 for SPAM and SAV polymers, respectively.…”

Section: Shear Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Thermal and Mechanical Stability of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Acrylamide Based Polymers (PAM) Through Intrinsic Viscosity (IV) Determination Using a New Capillary Rheology Technique

Rodriguez

Mejı́a

Reynaud

et al. 2016

Day 1 Mon, March 21, 2016

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Chemical EOR polymers are in general anionic, synthetic, acrylamide based co-and ter-polymers. Those polymers provide viscosity to water based system thanks to their high molecular weight (Mw) and the repulsions between the ionic charges. Uncoiling and entanglements are the two mechanisms linked to Mw and ionic repulsion.When a polymer is injected, different mechanisms will act on its chemical structure by chemical, mechanical, thermal, free radical modifications. The understanding of the resulting rheological properties of the modified PAM is very important since it can change the control over the mobility ratio when it propagates downhole in the reservoir. Various lab experiments can be performed to predict those changes over time. In particular, the intrinsic viscosity is a convenient way of reaching the dimension of the macromolecule in a given solvent and at a given temperature but is time consuming.In this publication, a new and efficient capillary rheology technique is presented allowing measuring the bulk solution rheology and intrinsic viscosity of polymers in various brines even at high temperature (140°C) and at a controlled and low shear rate. It is thus possible to access to the rheological properties of dilute polymer solutions under conditions that, to our knowledge, cannot be performed by viscometers commercially available. The new technique involves a specific set up including a capillary and pressure transducers. It allows monitoring the effect of various chemical, mechanical, free radical and thermal modifications on the PAM structure after various ageing times. The performances of the technique were determined in terms of accuracy, and acquisition time. Various PAM compositions and different molar masses (10 4 -10 6 g/mol) were used for calibration purposes.The technique was then applied to investigate the behavior of two industrial PAM (MϾ10 6 g/mol) used in EOR: a sodium acrylamido-tertiary-butyl sulfonate (ATBS) based PAM (SPAM), and a PAM terpolymer with ATBS, and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) (PAM called SAV). Rheological properties and intrinsic viscosities were determined at low shear rates 8 to 800 s -1 , at 25, 85 and 140°C, and for different salinities (20,000 to 240,000 TDS). In addition, the mechanical stability was evaluated by injection of a polymer solution in a capillary with a low internal diameter (125m), and with a shear rate up to 1,500,000s -1 .The results obtained using the new technique provide an efficient and reliable way of selecting the proper PAM chemistry for a given reservoir condition. Ultimately, it defines the salinity, temperature and shear rate domains where the PAM, SPAM or SAV are stable. The technique can be automated, is made of transportable devices, can be used in anaerobic conditions and provides a fast way of following changes in the rheological property of very high Mw industrial PAM over time.

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“…In the last decades, the use of polymer based viscosity modifying agents for fracturing fluids such as poly(acrylic acid) (Wang et al, 1997), poly(vinyl alcohol) (Zhang et al, 2011), guar gum and its derivatives (such as hydroxypropyl and corboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar) (Crews and Huang, 2010), cellulose (Li, Wu, Song, Qing, & Wu, 2015) and other poly(acrylamide) based polymers (Al Hashmi et al, 2013;Al-Muntasheri et al, 2007;Crews and Huang, 2010;Zhao et al, 2009) has been reported. Polymer-based fracturing fluids have successfully been implemented in many fields in different countries (Cramer et al, 2004;Fu et al, 2010;Guo et al, 2012;Sinclair et al, 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%