Rhinosinusitis in Children

Abstract

Rhinosinusitis is the inflammation of the mucous membranes of nose and paranasal sinus(es). 5–13% of upper respiratory tract infections in children complicate into acute rhinosinusitis. Though not life threatening, it profoundly affects child's school performance and sleep pattern. If untreated, it could progress to chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The pathogens involved in perpetuation of CRS consist of multidrug-resistant mixed microflora. CRS is challenging to manage and could further extend to cause eye or intracranial complications. In children, CRS diagnosis is often either missed or incomprehensive. Due to this, morbidity and strain on healthcare budget are tremendous. Flexible fiberoptic endoscopy has revolutionized management of CRS. Its utility in children is being increasingly recognized. Optimal management entails specific appropriate antimicrobials as well as treatment of underlying causes. The aim is to normalize sinus anatomy and physiology and regain normal mucociliary function and clearance.

Asthma Linked with Rhinosinusitis: An Extensive Review

“…52 Rhinosinusitis is an upper airway infection with chronic implications and prompt management of acute cases would prevent cases from slipping into chronicity with resistant polymicrobial infections. Management of CRS is an expensive, long-term affair with high likelihood of complications.…”

“…Achieving sinonasal eutrophism and efficient mucociliary transport is important to sinus health and reduction of recurrences. 52 …”

“…48 -51 Five to 13% of upper respiratory tract infections in children develop into acute rhinosinusitis and although not life-threatening, it profoundly affects the child's school performance and sleep patterns and if untreated, it could progress to CRS. 52 Rhinosinusitis is an upper airway infection with chronic implications and prompt management of acute cases would prevent cases from slipping into chronicity with resistant polymicrobial infections. Management of CRS is an expensive, long-term affair with high likelihood of complications.…”

A Five-Year Survey of Dematiaceous Fungi in a Tropical Hospital Reveals Potential Opportunistic Species

“…Eumycetoma is caused primarily by Madurella mycetomatis , but the aetiological agents of this disease vary with geographical regions [9] . In the tropics, Curvularia species are significant causes of fungal keratitis associated with trauma from fungus-contaminated plant materials [12] , [13] while the Bipolaris , Curvularia , Exserohilum , Alternaria and Drechslera are frequently reported to be involved in invasive sinusitis [14] – [17] . Systemic dematiaceous fungal infections are rare compared to systemic candidiasis and aspergillosis.…”

A new ultrasound sign in the diagnosis of pediatric maxillary sinusitis

“…Sinus opacification, air-fluid level, and increased mucus thickness are considered to be positive radiological evidences of sinusitis. Various studies have shown moderate sensitivity and specificity of X-rays in diagnosing sinusitis in children and have also noted that the inability of radiography to differentiate among inflammation, infection, and tumour is an important problem in this diagnostic modality ( 10 – 12 ).…”