Rhinovirus Infections in the First 2 Years of Life

Toivonen, Laura; Schuez-Havupalo, Linnea; Karppinen, Sinikka; Teros-Jaakkola, Tamara; Rulli, Maris; Mertsola, Jussi; Waris, Matti; Peltola, Ville

doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1309

Cited by 57 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This finding could be explained by the genetic factors described in both genders. 20 Despite the fact that RSV A/B is frequent worldwide and its distribution is consistent with a variety of reports in both developing and developed countries, RV has been increasingly reported by previous studies [21][22][23] and was the most frequently detected pathogen in the present study. Its high prevalence makes its infection more serious.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

Demographic and seasonal characteristics of respiratory pathogens in neonates and infants aged 0 to 12 months in the Central‐East region of Tunisia

Khalifa

Hannachi

Guerrero

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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Background This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology of pathogenic respiratory agents in patients aged 0 to 12 months and hospitalized for acute respiratory infections in Tunisia between 2013 and 2014. Methods A total of 20 pathogens, including viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae , and Streptococcus pneumoniae , were detected using molecular sensitive assays, and their associations with the patient’s demographic data and season were analyzed. Results Viral infectious agents were found in 449 (87.2%) of 515 specimens. Dual and multiple infectious agents were detected in 31.4% and 18.6% of the samples, respectively. Viral infection was predominant in the pediatric environment (90.8%, P < 0.001), male patients (88.0%), and spring (93.8%). Rhinovirus was the most detected virus (51.8%) followed by respiratory syncytial virus A/B (34.4%), coronavirus group (18.5%), adenovirus (17.9%), and parainfluenza viruses 1‐4 (10.9%). Respiratory Syncytial virus A/B was significantly associated with gender (38.0% male cases vs 28.3% female cases, P = 0.02). Infections by Adenovirus , Bocavirus , and Metapneumovirus A/B increased with increasing age of patients (predominated cases aged 6‐12 months, P < 0.001). S. pneumoniae was detected in 30.9% of th tested samples. In 18.2% of the negative viral infections, only S. pneumoniae was identified. Conclusion A predominance of the rhinovirus infection was observed in this study. Coronavirus subtypes were described for the first time in Tunisia. The observed different pathogenic profiles across age groups could be helpful to avoid the misclassification of patients presenting with ARIs at the triage level when no standardized protocol is available. This study will provide clues for physicians informing decisions regarding preventive strategies and medication in Tunisia.

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supporting

confidence: 91%

Demographic and seasonal characteristics of respiratory pathogens in neonates and infants aged 0 to 12 months in the Central‐East region of Tunisia

Khalifa

Hannachi

Guerrero

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…As part of the STEPS study, 923 infants were enrolled in a follow-up for ARIs from birth to age 24 months 1. The details of the study design, setting, subjects, testing and analysis may be found in the online supplement.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The secondary outcomes were (1) the rate of LRTIs during age 2–24 months and (2) recurrent wheezing by age 24 months. An ARI was defined as the presence of rhinitis or cough (with or without fever or wheezing) documented in the symptom diary by the parents, or as any ARI diagnosed by a physician 1. The LRTIs (eg, bronchiolitis, pneumonia) were diagnosed by physicians.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early nasal microbiota and acute respiratory infections during the first years of life

Toivonen

Hasegawa

Waris

et al. 2019

Thorax

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BackgroundEmerging evidence shows that airway microbiota may modulate local immune responses, thereby contributing to the susceptibility and severity of acute respiratory infections (ARIs). However, there are little data on the longitudinal relationships between airway microbiota and susceptibility to ARIs in children.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the association of early nasal microbiota and the subsequent risk of ARIs during the first years of life.MethodsIn this prospective population-based birth-cohort study in Finland, we followed 839 healthy infants for ARIs from birth to age 24 months. Nasal microbiota was tested using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at age 2 months. We applied an unsupervised clustering approach to identify early nasal microbiota profiles, and examined the association of profiles with the rate of ARIs during age 2–24 months.ResultsWe identified five nasal microbiota profiles dominated by Moraxella, Streptococcus, Dolosigranulum, Staphylococcus and Corynebacteriaceae, respectively. Incidence rate of ARIs was highest in children with an early Moraxella-dominant profile and lowest in those with a Corynebacteriaceae-dominant profile (738 vs 552/100 children years; unadjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR), 1.34; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.54; p < 0.001). After adjusting for nine potential confounders, the Moraxella-dominant profile-ARI association persisted (adjusted IRR (aIRR), 1.19; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.37; p = 0.01). Similarly, the incidence rate of lower respiratory tract infections (a subset of all ARIs) was significantly higher in children with an early Moraxella-dominant profile (aIRR, 2.79; 95% CI 1.04 to 8.09; p = 0.04).Conclusion Moraxella-dominant nasal microbiota profile in early infancy was associated with an increased rate of ARIs during the first 2 years of life.

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“…Most infections cause common cold symptoms. 30 The prevalence of RV-induced bronchiolitis/wheezing is age dependent. In children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract illness, RSV is detected most often until about 12 months of age, and RV is most common in older children.…”

Section: Virus Characteristics Rvsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of viral infections in the development and exacerbation of asthma in children

Jartti

Gern

2017

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

372

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Viral infections are closely linked to wheezing illnesses in children of all ages. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main causative agent of bronchiolitis, whereas rhinovirus (RV) is most commonly detected in wheezing children thereafter. Severe respiratory illness induced by either of these viruses is associated with subsequent development of asthma, and the risk is greatest for young children who wheeze with RV infections. Whether viral illnesses actually cause asthma is the subject of intense debate. RSV-induced wheezing illnesses during infancy influence respiratory health for years. There is definitive evidence that RSV-induced bronchiolitis can damage the airways to promote airway obstruction and recurrent wheezing. RV likely causes less structural damage and yet is a significant contributor to wheezing illnesses in young children and in the context of asthma. For both viruses, interactions between viral virulence factors, personal risk factors (eg, genetics), and environmental exposures (eg, airway microbiome) promote more severe wheezing illnesses and the risk for progression to asthma. In addition, allergy and asthma are major risk factors for more frequent and severe RV-related illnesses. Treatments that inhibit inflammation have efficacy for RV-induced wheezing, whereas the anti-RSV mAb palivizumab decreases the risk of severe RSV-induced illness and subsequent recurrent wheeze. Developing a greater understanding of personal and environmental factors that promote more severe viral illnesses might lead to new strategies for the prevention of viral wheezing illnesses and perhaps reduce the subsequent risk for asthma.

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Rhinovirus Infections in the First 2 Years of Life

Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Rhinoviruses frequently cause respiratory infections in young children. We aimed to establish the burden of acute respiratory infections caused by rhinovirus during the first 2 years of life.

Cited by 57 publications

References 29 publications

Demographic and seasonal characteristics of respiratory pathogens in neonates and infants aged 0 to 12 months in the Central‐East region of Tunisia

Demographic and seasonal characteristics of respiratory pathogens in neonates and infants aged 0 to 12 months in the Central‐East region of Tunisia

Early nasal microbiota and acute respiratory infections during the first years of life

Role of viral infections in the development and exacerbation of asthma in children

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