Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks transmit Theileria parva from persistently infected cattle in the absence of detectable parasitemia: implications for East Coast fever epidemiology

Olds, Cassandra; Mason, Kathleeen L.; Scoles, Glen A.

doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2727-6

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In addition, by using a fluorescent-activated cell sorter B. bovis parasites were separated and biologically cloned to study the virulence phenotype of the parasite populations [86,87]. Whether these types of alternative methods are able to detect low Babesia parasitemia in persistently infected cattle remains to be tested, as pathogen persistence in the host is an important strategy for successful pathogen transmission to ticks and for developing resistance against reinfection of hosts [88,89,90,91].…”

Section: Indirect Immunologic Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Babesia sp. in Persistently Infected Cattle

2019

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Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Babesia divergens are considered by International health authorities (OIE) as the principal species of Babesia that cause bovine babesiosis. Animals that recover from a babesial primo infection may remain as persistent carriers with no clinical signs of disease and can be the source of infection for ticks that are able to acquire Babesia parasites from infected cattle and to transmit Babesia parasites to susceptible cattle. Several procedures that have been developed for parasite detection and diagnosis of this infectious carrier state constitute the basis for this review: A brief description of the direct microscopic detection of Babesia-infected erytrocytes; PCR-based diagnostic assays, which are very sensitive particularly in detecting Babesia in carrier cattle; in-vitro culture methods, used to demonstrate presence of carrier infections of Babesia sp.; animal inoculation, particularly for B. divergens isolation are discussed. Alternatively, persistently infected animals can be tested for specific antibabesial antibodies by using indirect serological assays. Serological procedures are not necessarily consistent in identifying persistently infected animals and have the disadvantage of presenting with cross reactions between antibodies to Babesia sp.

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Section: Indirect Immunologic Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Babesia sp. in Persistently Infected Cattle

2019

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“…The majority of emerging pathogens are maintained asymptomatically by wildlife and are transmitted to humans and livestock by vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes. An upsurge of emerging tick-borne zoonoses has been witnessed globally in the recent decades, such as Lyme borreliosis, which affect humans in several developed countries [6], while the burden of the tick-borne diseases of livestock, such as East Coast fever (ECF), has persisted in sub-Saharan Africa [7]. Therefore, the study and control of TBPs demand a 'One Health' approach, requiring knowledge of the tick species, their host feeding preferences, habitat, and range [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogens, endosymbionts, and blood-meal sources of host-seeking ticks in the fast-changing Maasai Mara wildlife ecosystem

et al. 2020

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The role of questing ticks in the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases in Kenya's Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR), an ecosystem with intensified human-wildlife-livestock interactions, remains poorly understood. We surveyed the diversity of questing ticks, their blood-meal hosts, and tick-borne pathogens to understand potential effects on human and livestock health. By flagging and hand-picking from vegetation in 25 localities, we collected 1,465 host-seeking ticks, mostly Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma species identified by morphology and molecular analysis. We used PCR with high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis and sequencing to identify Anaplasma, Babesia, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, and Theileria pathogens and blood-meal remnants in 231 tick pools. We detected blood-meals from humans, wildebeest, and African buffalo in Rh. appendiculatus, goat in Rh. evertsi, sheep in Am. gemma, and cattle in Am. variegatum. Rickettsia africae was detected in Am. gemma (MIR = 3.10) that had fed on sheep and in Am. variegatum (MIR = 250) that had fed on cattle. We found Rickettsia spp. in Am. gemma (MIR = 9.29) and Rh. evertsi (MIR = 200), Anaplasma ovis in Rh. appendiculatus (MIR = 0.89) and Rh. evertsi (MIR = 200), Anaplasma bovis in Rh. appendiculatus (MIR = 0.89), and Theileria parva in Rh. appendiculatus (MIR = 24). No Babesia, Ehrlichia, or Coxiella pathogens were detected. Unexpectedly, speciesspecific Coxiella sp. endosymbionts were detected in all tick genera (174/231 pools), which may affect tick physiology and vector competence. These findings show that ticks from the MMNR are infected with zoonotic R. africae and unclassified Rickettsia spp., demonstrating risk of African tick-bite fever and other spotted-fever group rickettsioses to locals and visitors. The protozoan pathogens identified may also pose risk to livestock production. The diverse vertebrate blood-meals of questing ticks in this ecosystem including humans, wildlife, and domestic animals, may amplify transmission of tick-borne zoonoses and livestock diseases.

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“…Theileria infection is caused by ticks and it is a disease of ruminants caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Theileria . This protozoan is found in the blood and lymphatics of infected animals [4,11]. Theileria orientalis complex ( Theileria mutans , T. buffeli and T. sergenti), T. annulata , T. parva, T. orientalis, T. taurotragi and T. velifera are known to cause bovine theileriosis, while T .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and climatic influence on hemoparasites of cattle and sheep in Mosul, Iraq

et al. 2019

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Objective:Hemoparasitism is a condition commonly found in animals and it exerts negatively on the health, production, reproduction, and performance of the affected animals. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence of different hemoparasites affecting cattle and sheep in Mosul, Iraq, and to deduce the effect of climatic factors on the occurrence of these hemoparasites.Materials and Methods:Blood samples from cattle and sheep that were submitted to the Parasitology Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital of Ninavah between 2008 and 2018 were examined for the presence of blood parasites using the thin blood smear preparation. Data were analyzed using percentages (%), tabulations, and graphs. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to measure the strength of association between the occurrence of hemoparasites of cattle/sheep and each climatic variable.Results:Anaplasma spp. Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. were the hemoparasites detected among cattle and sheep in the study, with Theileria spp. been the most prevalent among cattle, while Anaplasma spp. was the most prevalent among sheep. There was no distinct pattern in the yearly and monthly prevalence of these hemoparasites among cattle and sheep. Rainfall and relative humidity negatively influenced the occurrence of hemoparasites infections, while temperature favored their occurrences.Conclusion:This study appears to be the first to evaluate the correlation between climatic variables and the prevalence of hemoparasites of cattle and sheep in Mosul, Iraq. Climatic variables influenced the abundance of hemoparasites of cattle and sheep in the study area. The outcome of this study will add to the existing knowledge on the effect of climatic factors on the occurrence of parasitic diseases of ruminants in Middle East.

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Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks transmit Theileria parva from persistently infected cattle in the absence of detectable parasitemia: implications for East Coast fever epidemiology

Cited by 30 publications

References 41 publications

Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Babesia sp. in Persistently Infected Cattle

Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Babesia sp. in Persistently Infected Cattle

Pathogens, endosymbionts, and blood-meal sources of host-seeking ticks in the fast-changing Maasai Mara wildlife ecosystem

Prevalence and climatic influence on hemoparasites of cattle and sheep in Mosul, Iraq

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